Part One
Chapter 1
Outline
GEOGRAPHY
The Carpathian system is part of the Alpine-Himalayan chain， formed
relatively recently in the Tertiary alpine orogeny， hut there is as yet no
explanation for the formation of the Carpathian-Balkan S-bend. The
Carpathian system is as long as the Alps (1，30Okra， but with its ends on
the Danube at Bratislava and the Iron Gates only 5OOkm apart} but only
half their height， making them easier to cross. For the most part the
Carpathian chain is 35-40km wide， and generally consists of three
distinct bands， with Flysch (or turbidite) on the outside， young crystalline
massifs in the centre and some volcanic ranges intruding on the inner
side. The far older and lower remnants of the Hercynian mountains，
granite， limestone and schists dating from the Primary era， lie parallel to
the north， running from the Vosges via the Ardennes， the Black Forest，
the Erzgebirge， and the Karkonosze in southern Poland to northern
Dobrogea on Romania s Black Sea coast. Qua rter nar y glaciation occurred
only in the Karkonosze， Tatras， Rodnas and the southern Carpathians.
Starting from the western end the chain is divided into four sections，
of which the first and second are partly in Poland and the second and
third in Ukraine:
1. The western Carpathians， from Bratislava to the line of the Biala river，
the Tylicz pass， and the Topl a and Hornad rivers near Kosice - the
widest， highest and most complex section， above all the High Tatras on
the Polish-Slovak border， glaciated granite often covered with limestone.
2. The Central or Forest Carpathians， from the Tylicz pass to the upper
Tisa (Tisza} River; lower sedimentary hills providing major routes from
Poland to eastern Slovakia and from Ukraine to Hungary.
3. The eastern Carpathians， from the sources of the Tisa almost to
Bra~ov in Romania， consisting of parallel ridges of sedimentary rocks
(sandstone and conglomerates) to the east， a central crystalline schist
zone.with some resistant limestones， and to the west an inner zone of
volcanic material.
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