系统分析与设计（英文影印版）（第2版）

.development 13
client and system users 13
ismanagement 13
systems analysts 13
application programmers 15
is support personnel 15
skill set for systems analysis 16
types of information systems and systems
development 18
transaction processing systems 19
management information systems 19
decision support and expert systems 20
executive information systems 20
office automation and workgroup management
systems 21
web-based systems 21
the sdlc 22
definition 22
overview of phases and activities 22
drawbacks to the sdlc 24
alternative approaches to development 25
ooad 25
pad 25
chapter summary 25
key terminology 26
questions for review 29
for further discussion 29
acm code of ethics and professional behavior 30
software engineering code of ethics and professional practice 31
references 31
recommended reading 32
chapter 2 so what is the problem? 33
introduction 33
problems versus symptoms 34
problems defined 34
symptoms defined 35
problem recognition and definition 36
cause and effect 36
pieces framework 37
problem statement 40
bounded rationality 40
the concept of systems 42
system classifications 43
living in an open and closed world 45
the subsystem--functional decomposition 45
the sdlc 46
preliminary investigation phase 47
analysis phase 48
logicul design phase 49
physical design phase 49
implementation phase 50
maintenance phase 50
systems development principles 52
get the users involved 52
systems analysis is problem solving 52
iss are capitalassets 53
good ideas can become bad ideas 54
document now 54
use the divide-and-conquer approach 54
chapter summary 54
key terminology 55
questions for review 57
for further discussion 57
references 58
recommended reading 58
chapter 3 identification and selection of development projects 59
introduction 59
the geometric truth about systems development projects 60
identifying potential systems development projects 60
evaluating project potential 61
project selection 65
the concept of creeping commitment 66
information systems planning 66
the corporate is plan 68
project initiation and project planning 68
preliminary project feasibility analysis 68
the baseline plan 71
the role of the steering committee 72
the project flow model 73
"what" versus "how" 74
chapter summary 75
key terminology 75
questions for review 77
for further discussion 77
references 78
recommended reading 78
chapter 4 system requirements determination 79
introduction 79
developing an analysis strategy 79
the three types of system requirements 80
the three "i's" of requirements determination 81
impertinence 81
impartiality 81
insight 81
the four common mistakes in requirements determination 82
assuming a functional system 82
collecting requirements from each end user instead of all end users 83
asking the wrong questions 83
failing to allow refinement through trial and error 84
requirements determination deliverables 84
good requirement characteristics 85
requirements determination methods 87
traditional methods for requirements determination 87
direct interview 87
questionnaires and surveys 91
direct observation 99
archival document analysis and external research 101
modem methods for requirements determination 105
jad 105
iterative prototyping 106
chapter summary 107
key terminology 108
questions for review 112
for further discussion 113
references 114
recommended reading 114
chapter 5 modeling the processes and logic 115
introduction 115
logical process modeling 115
the "what" versus the "how" 116
the dfd 117
dfd components 118
dfd hierarchy 120
context-level diagram 121
level-0 dfd 121
level-1 through level-n dfd 122
dfds versus flowcharts 123
the rules of dfd construction 126
dfd "gotchas" and traps to avoid 126
analyzing and using the dfd 128
modeling process logic 129
logic modeling is logical but... 129
structured english 129
the decision table 130
the decision tree 132
the state-transition diagram 135
when do i use what? 136
chapter summary 138
key terminology 138
questions for review 140
for further discussion 141
references 142
recommended reading 143
chapter 6 modeling the data: conceptual and logical data modeling 144
objectives of data modeling 144
conceptual versus logical--what's the difference? 145
the erd 146
entities 146
attributes 148
keyattribute 148
multivalued attributes 149
relationships 149
cardinality and optionality 150
relationship degree 150
associative entities 153
interpreting and understanding the erd 154
what data? 154
logical data modeling 156
characteristics of a good data model 156
the relational data model 156
data normalization 158
the concept of functional dependency 158
first normal form 158
secondnormalform 159
third normal form 160
denormalization 162
the fully normalized erd 163
chapter summary 164
key terminology 165
questions for review 167
for further discussion 168
references 169
recommended reading 169
chapter 7 case tools and joint and rapid application development 170
introduction 170
case tools 171
the evolution and history of case tools 171
why bother with case ? 171
the objectives of case 173
the good news and the bad news about case 174
the components and functions of modern case tools 176
the concept of integration 183
the future of case 184
jad and rad 186
jad 186
rad 189
chapter summary 194
key terminology 194
questions for review 196
for further discussion 197
references 197
recommended reading 197
chapter 8 moving from analysis to design 198
introduction 198
selection of the design strategy 199
generating alternative design strategies 199
do nothing 200
explore all possible nonautomated solutions 201
software: buy versus make 202
hardware design strategy issues 206
from "what" to "how" 206
the feasible solution 206
facts, faith, and fear 207
the dimensions of system feasibility 208
technical feasibility 208
operationai feasibility 209
human-factors feasibility 210
legal and political feasibility 211
economic feasibility 212
riskassessment 221
chapter summary.. 223
key termioology 223
questions for review 226
for further discussion 226
references 227
recommended reading 227
chapter 9 designing systems for diverse environments 228
introduction 229
typical is not so typical anymore 229
the distributed is 230
the drive to distribute 230
the pros and cons of distributed computing 231
types of distribution 232
connectivity diagramming 233
basic connection topologies 234
managing the distributed data 237
data replication 238
data partitioning 239
designing for distributed systems 240
separation 242
diversity 242
federalism and concurrency 243
designing for specialized domains and environments 243
designing for collaboration 243
individual work as well as collaboration 243
mutual lntelligibility 244
simultaneous, fine-granularity access 244
collaborative wearable computers 245
designing for enterprise resource planning 246
how does erp work? 247
implementing erp systems 247
cots versus best-in-class erp 248
designing for intranets 249
effective design 251
virtual workgroups 251
intranet design myths 252
designing for data warehouses 253
stores, warehouses, and marts 253
data warehouse architecture 254
dw typology 256
implementing the dw 257
chapter summary 259
key terminology 259
questions for review 263
for further discussion 263
references 263
recommended reading 264
chapter 10 designing the files and databases 265
introduction 265
file and database design 266
designing and specifying fields 266
field types 266
data types 267
field representation 267
calculated field values 268
data integrity 269
designing and specifying physical records 272
variable-length and fixed-length records 272
paging and blocking 274
designing and specifying files 275
file access methods 276
organization techniques 277
file volumetrics 278
designing databases 280
database architectures 280
chapter summary 282
key terminology 283
questions for review 285
for further discussion 286
references 287
chapter 11 designing the system output 288
introduction 288
the process of designing system output 289
the characteristics of system output 289
purpose 289
recipient 290
frequency 290
distribution 290
data sources 290
media 291
format 291
controls 293
types of output 294
external output 294
internal output 295
media type and output technology 295
hard copy 297
screen output 297
audio and video output 297
com output 299
robotic output 299
output bias issues 300
range and value limits 300
sorting and sequence bias 301
graphical bias 301
backup and recovery 302
data backup and retention strategies 302
chapter summary 304
key terminology 304
questions for review 306
for further discussion 306
references 307
recommended reading 307
chapter 12 designing the inputs and user interface 308
introduction 308
user interaction methods 309
command dialogue 309
menus 309
icons and buttons 311
lnput screens and forms 311
voice recognition 311
common input devices 314
biometric lnputdevices 314
optical input devices 315
smart cards 317
guidelines for input and interface design 318
hci metaphors 319
data entry issues 321
user feedback 323
dialogue design 325
usability assessment 326
designing input controls 327
data controls 328
access controls 330
chapter summary 331
key terminology 331
questions for review 334
for further discussion 334
references 335
recommended reading 335
chapter 13 designing the system internals 336
introduction 336
making it all work 337
principles of good internal design 337
$ystem factoring 337
module span 338
module cohesion 338
module coupling 341
hierarchical structure diagrams 342
dfds versus structure charts 342
deriving the hierarchical structure diagram 345
advantages and disadvantages of hierarchical structure diagrams 349
chapter summary 351
key terminology 351
questions for review 353
for further discussion 354
references 355
recommended reading 355
chapter 14 implemenfing and maintaining the system 356
introduction 356
what is system implementation? 357
application testing 357
code inspection 358
structured walk-through 358
the desk check 358
module testing 360
integration testing 360
system testing 363
user acceptance testing 364
system installation 365
conversion 365
documentation 368
user training and support 372
postimplementation activities 373
change requests 374
categories of systems maintenance 374
systems maintenance costs 376
cost estimation of downtime 377
chapter summary 378
key terminology 378
questions for review 381
for further discussion 382
references 382
recommended reading 382
appendixes
appendix a project management: process, techniques, and tools 383
introduction 383
prioritization and projects 384
what is a project? 385
the five phases of the project management process 385
initiating/defining 385
planning 387
executing 389
controlling 389
closing 391
project management techniques: identifying and documenting project activities 391
wbs identifying tasks 391
simple precedence network diagram 392
pert/cpm 393
gantt chart 394
project management tools: automating project management 396
what tools can do 397
what tools cannot do 397
five common mistakes in project management 398
failing to communicate 398
failing to create a realistic plan 398
proceeding without project buy-in 398
allowing scope creep to escalate 398
throwing resources at a project problem 398
essentials skills for the project manager 399
time management 399
communication skills 399
conclusion 399
appendix summary 399
key terminology 400
questions for review 401
for further discussion 401
professional organizations 401
the project management institute (pmi) 401
international project management association (ipma) 402
references 402
project management-related web sites 402
recommended reading 402
appendix b object-oriented analysis and design 404
introduction 404
the concepts of object orientation 405
objects 406
class 408
objects versus classes 409
hierarchical inheritance 410
messages 411
the unified modeling language 412
use-case model 414
class diagram 416
statechart diagram 419
interaction diagram 421
implementation diagram 422
advantages and disadvantages of the object-oriented approach 424
appendix summary 424
key terminology 425
references 427
reconunended reading 427
index... 429