| preface 1 introduction the aims of the book the climate for language testing research and development: needs and problems research and development: an agenda overview of the book notes 2 measurement introduction definition of terms: measurement, test, evaluation essential measurement qualities properties of measurement scales characteristics that limit measurement steps in measurement summary notes further reading discussion questions 3 uses of language tests . introduction uses of language tests in educational programs research uses of language tests features for classifying different types of language test summary further reading discussion questions 4 communicative language ability introduction language proficiency and communicative competence a theoretical framework of communicative language ability summary notes further reading discussion questions 5 test methods introduction a framework of test method facets applications of this framework to language testing summary notes further reading discussion questions 6 reliability introduction factors that affect language test scores classical true score measurement theory generalizability theory standard error of measurement: interpreting individual test scores within classical true score and generalizability theory item response theory reliability of criterion-referenced test scores factors that affect reliability estimates systematic measurement error summary notes further reading discussion questions 7 validation introduction reliability and validity revisited validity as a unitary concept the evidential basis of validity test bias the consequential or ethical basis of validity post mortem: face validity summary notes further reading discussion questions 8 some persistent problems and future directions introduction authentic language tests some future directions a general model for explaining performance on language tests apologia et prolegomenon summary notes further reading discussion questions bibliography author index subject index |
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