| 听力是一项重要的语言技能，听力教学也是外语教学的侧重点之一。而目前对于如何将听力教学与科研结合起来，使之相互促进，并开展具体研究的论述并不多见。 |
| General Editors Preface Acknowledgements Preface Introduction： Interests， beliefs and metaphors Section I Defining listening Neurological processes Hearing Consciousness Attention Linguistic processing Perceiving speech Recognising words Employing phonotactic rules Applying grammatical rules Managing spoken language Utilising prosodic features Integrating non-verbal cues Pragmatic processing Inferring speaker intention Invoking social frames Listener response Listener collaboration Psycholinguistic processing Comprehension Knowledge activation Inference Memory Learning Natural language processing Speech recognition Semantic analysis Listening development and language acquisition First language (L1) development of perception L1 contextualised input L1 cognitive restructuring L2 acquisition： the role of listening L2 listening acquisition： comprehensible input L2 listening development： phonological and lexical processing L2 listening development： syntactic processing L2 listening success or failure： context for learning Section II Teaching listening Approaches to teaching listening Principles of instructional design Influences from second language learning research Methods The historical search for the best method Anti-methods and post methods Skills taxonomies Input Relevance Authenticity Genres Difficulty Simplification Teacher talk Instructional design Intensive listening Selective listening Interactive listening Grammar processing Multimedia Strategy training Listening-awareness training Listening projects Academic listening Content-based listening Self-access listening .Methods for assessing listening Types of tests Specifications Forms of tests Factors that influence test performance Deconstructing tests Helping students prepare for tests Oral interview tests Listening proficiency scales Testing example： an achievement test Section III Researching listening Approaches to researching listening Purposes for research Posing questions Listening research projects Listening in daily life Listening and social roles Pragmatic analysis Cross-cultural pragmatics Developing pragmatic competence Speech processing Comprehension and memory Listening in interaction Benchmarking effective listening Causes of misunderstanding Listening to lectures Strategy training Materials design and evaluation Listening journals Designing a self-access listening centre Sample action research report Section IV Exploring listening Resources and references Sources of listening material Teaching resources Guides for researching listening Natural language processing research Glossary References Index |
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