| Chapter1. Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Layering 1 1.3 TCP/IP Layering 6 1.4 Internet Addresses 7 1.5 The Domain Name System 9 1.6 Encapsulation 9 1.7 Demultiplexing 11 1.8 Client-Server Model 12 1.9 Port Numbers 12 1.1 0Standardization Process 14 1.11 RFCs 14 1.12 Standard， Simple Services 15 1.13 The I nternet 16 1.14 Implementations v16 1.15 Application Programming Interfaces 17 1.16 Test Network 18 1.17 Summary 19 Chapter 2. Link Layer 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Ethernet and I EEE 802 Encapsulation 21 2.3 Trailer Encapsulation 23 2.4 SLIP： Serial Line IP 24 2.5 Compressed SLIP 25 2.6 PPP： Point-to-Point Protocol 26 2.7 Loopback Interface 28 2.8 MTU 29 2.9 Path MTU 30 2.10 Serial Line Throughput Calculations 30 2.11 Summary 31 Chapter 3. IP： Internet Protocol 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 IP Header 34 3.3 IP Routing 37 3.4 Subnet Addressing 42 3.5 Subnet Mask 43 3.6 Special Case IP Addresses 45 3.7 A Subnet Example 46 3.8 i fconfig Command 47 3.9 net st at Command 49 3.10 IP Futures 49 3.11 Summary 50 Chapter 4. ARP： Address Resolution Protocol 53 4.1 Introduction 53 4.2 An Example 54 4.3 ARP Cache 56 4.4 ARP Packet Format 56 4.5 ARP Examples 57 4.6 Proxy ARP 60 4.7 Gratuitous ARP 62 4.8 arp Command 63 4.9 Summary 63 Chapter 5. RARP： Reverse Address Resolution Protocol 65 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 RARP Packet Format 65 5.3 RARP Examples 66 5.4 RARP Server Design 67 5.5 Summary 68 Chapter 6. ICMP： Internet Control Message Protocol v69 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 ICMP Message Types 70 6.3 ICMP Address Mask Request and Reply 72 6.4 ICMP Timestamp Request and Reply 74 6.5 ICMP Port Unreachable Error 77 6.6 4.4BSD Processing of ICMP Messages 81 6.7 Summary 83 Chapter 7. Ping Program 85 7.1 Introduction 85 7.2 Ping Program 85 7.3 IP Record Route Option 91 7.4 IP Timestamp Option 95 7.5 Summary 96 Chapter 8. Traceroute Program 97 8.1 Introduction 97 8.2 Traceroute Program Operation 97 8.3 LAN Output 99 8.4 WAN Output 102 8.5 I P Source Routing Option 104 8.6 Summary 109 Chapter 9. I P Routing 111 9.1 Introduction 111 9.2 Routing Principles 112 9.3 ICMP Host and Network Unreachable Errors 117 9.4 To Forward or Not to Forward 119 9.5 ICMP Redirect Errorsv 119 9.6 ICMP Router Discovery Messages 123 9.7 Summary 125 Chapter 10. Dynamic Routing Protocols 127 10.1 Introduction 127 10.2 Dynamic Routing 127 10.3 Unix Routing Daemons 128 10.4 RIP： Routing Information Protocol 129 10.5 RIP Version 2 136 10.6 OSPF： Open Shortest Path First 137 10.7 BGP： Border Gateway Protocol 138 10.8 CIDR： Classless Interdomain Routing 140 10.9 Summary 141 Chapter 11. UDP： User Datagram Protocol 143 11.1 Introduction 143 11.2 U DP Header 144 11.3 UDP Checksum 144 11.4 A Simple Example 147 11.5 IP Fragmentation 148 11.6 ICMP Un.reachable Error (Fragmentation Required) 151 11.7 Determtntng the Path MTU Using Traceroute 153 11.8 Path MTU Discovery with UDP 155 11.9 Interaction Between UDP and ARP 157 11.10 Maximum UDP Datagram Size 159 11.11 ICMP Source Quench Error 160 11.12 UDP Server Design 162 11.13 Summary 167 Chapter 12. Broadcasting and Multicasting 169 12.1 Introduction 169 12.2 Broadcasting 171 12.3 Broadcasting Examples 172 12.4 M ulticasting 175 12.5 Summary 178 Chapter 13. IGMP： Internet Group Management Protocol 179 13.1 Introduction 179 13.2 IGMP Message 180 13.3 IGMP Protocol 180 13.4 An Example 183 13.5 Summary 186 Chapter 14. DNS： The Domain Name System 187 14.1 Introduction 187 14.2 DNS Basics 188 14.3 DNS Message Format 191 14.4 A Simple Example 194 14.5 Pointer Queries 198 14.6 Resource Records 201 14.7 Caching 203 14.8 UDP or TCP 206 14.9 Another Example 206 14.10 Summary v208 Chapter 15. TFTP： Trivial File Transfer Protocol 209 15.1 Introduction 209 15.2 Protocol 209 15.3 An Example 211 15.4 Security 213 15.5 Summary 213 Chapter 16. BOOTP： Bootstrap Protocol 215 16.1 Introduction 215 16.2 BOOTP Packet Format 215 16.3 An Example 218 16.4 BOOTP Server Design 219 16.5 BOOTP Through a Router 220 16.6 Vendor-Specific Information 221 16.7 Summary 222 Chapter 17.. TCP： Transmission Control Protocol 223 17.1 Introduction 223 17.2 TCP Services 223 17.3 TCP Header 225 17.4 Summary 227 Chapter 18. TCP Connection Establishment and Termination 229 18.1 Introduction 229 18.2 Connection Establishment and Termination 229 18.3 Timeout of Connection Establishment 235 18.4 Maximum Segment Size 236 18.5 TCP Half-Close 238 18.6 TCP State Transition Diagram 240 18.7 Reset Segments 246 18.8 Simultaneous Open 250 18.9 Simultaneous Close 252 18.10 TCP Options 253 18.11 TCP Server Design 254 18.12 Summary 260 Chapter 19. TCP Interactive Data Flow 263 19.1 Introduction 263 19.2 Interactive Input 263 19.3 Delayed Acknowledgments 265 19.4 Nagle Algorithm 267 19.5 Window Size Advertisements 274 19.6 Summary 274 Chapter 20. TCP Bulk Data Flow 275 20.1 Introduction 275 20.2 Normal Data Flow 275 20.3 Sliding Windows 280 20.4 Window Size 282 20.5 PUSH Flag 284 20.6 Slow Start 285 20.7 Bulk Data Throughput 286 20.8 Urgent Mode 292 20.9 Summary 296 Chapter 21. TCP Timeout and Retransmission 297 21.1 Introduction 297 21.2 Simple Timeout and Retransmission Example 298 21.3 Round-Trip Time Measurement 299 21.4 An RTT Example 301 21.5 Congestion Example 306 21.6 Congestion Avoidance Algorithm 310 21.7 Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Algorithms 312 21.8 Congestion Example (Continued) 313 21.9 Per-Route Metrics 316 21.10 I CMP Errors 317 21.11 Repacketization 320 21.12 Summary 321 Chapter 22. TOP Persist Timer 323 22.1 Introduction 323 22.2 An Example 323 22.3 Silly Window Syndrome 325 22.4 Summary 330 Chapter 23. TOP Keepalive Timer 331 23.1 Introduction 331 23.2 Description 332 23.3 Keepalive Examples 333 23.4 Summary 337 Chapter 24. TCP Futures and Performance 339 24.1 Introduction 339 24.2 Path MTU Discovery 340 24.3 Long Fat Pipes 344 24.4 Window Scale Option 347 24.5 Timestamp Option 349 24.6 PAWS： Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers 351 24.7 T/TCP： A TCP Extension for Transactions 351 24.8 TCP Performance 354 24.9 Summary 356 Chapter 25. SNMP： Simple Network Management Protocol 359 25.1 Introduction 359 25.2 Protocol 360 25.3 Structure of Management Information 363 25.4 Object Identifiers 364 25.5 Introduction to the Management Information Base 365 25.6 Instance Identification 367 25.7 Simple Examples 370 25.8 Management Information Base (Continued) 372 25.9 Additional Examples 382 25.10 Traps 385 25.11 ASN.1 and BER 386 25.12 SNMP Version 2 387 25.13 Summary 388 Chapter 26. Telnet and Rlogin： Remote Login 389 26.1 Introduction 389 26.2 Rlogin Protocol 391 26.3 Rlogin Examples 396 26.4 Telnet Protocol 401 26.5 Telnet Examples 406 26.6 Summary 417 Chapter 27. FTP： File Transfer Protocol 419 27.1 Introduction 419 27，2 FTP Protocol 419 27.3 FTP Examples 426 27.4 Summary 439 Chapter 28. SMTP： Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 441 28，1 Introduction 441 28.2 SMTP Protocol 442 28.3 SMTP Examples 448 28.4 SMTP Futures 452 28.5 Summary 459 Chapter 29. NFS： Network File System 461 29.1 Introduction 461 29.2 Sun Remote Procedure Call 461 29.3 XDR： External Data Representation 465 29.4 Port Mapper 465 29.5 NFS Protocol 467 29.6 NFS Examples 474 29.7 NFS Version 3 479 29.8 Summary 480 Chapter 30. Other TCP/IP Applications 481 30.1 Introduction 481 30.2 Finger Protocol 481 30.3 Whois Protocol 483 30.4 Archie， WAIS， Gopher， Veronica， and WWW 484 30.5 X Window System 486 30.6. Summary 490 Appendix A. The t cpdu~p Program 491 A.1 BSD Packet Filter 491 A.2 SunOS Network Interface Tap 493 A.3 SVR4 Data Link Provider Interface 494 A.4 tcpdump Output 495 A.5 Security Considerations 496 A.6 Socket Debug Option 496 Appendix B. Computer Clocks 499 Appendix C. The sock Program 503 Appendix D. Solutions to Selected Exercises 507 Appendix E Configurable Options 525 E.1 BSD/386 Version 1.0 526 E.2 SunOS 4.1.3 527 E.3 System V Release 4 529 E.4 Solaris 2.2 529 E.5 AIX 3.2.2 536 E.6 4.4BSD 537 Appendix F. Source Code Availability 539 Bibliography 543 Index 555 |
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