心理学与生活(第18版)(英文版)

.　exerimental methods：alternative exlanations and the need for controls　30
　correlational methods　33
　subliminal influence？　34
sychology in your life：can survey research affect your attitudes？ 36
sychological measurement　37
　achieving reliability and validity　37
　self-reort measures　37
　behavioral measures and observations　38
ethical issues in human and animal research　40
　informed consent　40
　riskgain assessment　41
　intentional decetion　41
　debriefing　41
　issues in animal research　41
becoming a wiser research consumer　42
critical thinking in your life：how can you evaluate sychological information on the web？　43
recaing main oints　44
key terms　44
statistical sulement　46
understanding statistics：analyzing data and forming conclusions　46
analyzing the data　47
descritive statistics　48
inferential statistics　51
becoming a wise consumer of statistics　53
key terms　53
3　the biological and evolutionary bases of behavior　55
heredity and behavior　56
　evolution and natural selection　57
　variation in the human genotye　59
the nervous system in action　63
　the neuron　63
　action otentials　65
　synatic transmission　67
　neurotransmitters and their functions　68
biology and behavior　70
　eavesdroing on the brain　70
　the nervous system　74
　brain structures and their functions　75
　hemisheric lateralization　81
　the endocrine system　84
　lasticity and neurogenesis：our changing brains　85
critical thinking in your life：what does “it’s genetic” mean？　71
sychology in your life：why does music have an imact on how you feel？　87
recaing main oints　88
key terms　89
4　sensation and ercetion　93
sensing, organizing, identifying, and recognizing　94
　the roximal and distal stimuli　95
　reality, ambiguity, and illusions　97
sensory knowledge of the world　99
　sychohysics　99
　from hysical events to mental events　102
the visual system 103
　the human eye　103
　the uil and the lens　103
　the retina　104
　rocesses in the brain　105
　seeing color　108
critical thinking in your life：can technology restore sight？　108
hearing　112
　the hysics of sound　112
　sychological dimensions of sound　112
　the hysiology of hearing　113
your other senses　117
　smell　117
　taste　117
　touch and skin senses　118
　the vestibular and kinesthetic senses　119
　ain　120
organizational rocesses in ercetion　121
　attentional rocesses　121
　rinciles of ercetual grouing　124
　satial and temoral integration　125
　motion ercetion　126
　deth ercetion　126
　ercetual constancies　129
sychology in your life：why is eating“hot”food ainful？　122
identification and recognition rocess　131
　bottom-u and to-down rocesses　131
　the influence of contexts and exectations　133
　final lessons　134
recaing main oints　134
key terms　135
5　mind, consciousness, and alternate states　139
the contents of consciousness　140
　awareness and consciousness　140
　studying the contents of consciousness　142
the functions of consciousness　143
　the uses of consciousness　143
　studying the functions of consciousness　144
slee and dreams　145
　circadian rhythms　145
　the slee cycle　146
　why slee　148
　slee disorders　148
　dreams：theater of the mind　150
sychology in your life：do you get enough slee？　150
altered states of consciousness　152
　lucid dreaming　153
　hynosis　153
　meditation　155
　religious ecstasy　156
mind-altering drugs　157
　deendence and addiction　157
　varieties of sychoactive drugs　158
critical thinking in your life：does ecstasy harm the brain？　160
recaing main oints　162
key terms　162
6　learning and behavior analysis　165
the study of learning　166
　what is learning？　166
　behaviorism and behavior analysis　167
classical conditioning：learning redictable signals　168
　avlov’s surrising observation　168
　rocesses of conditioning　170
　focus on acquisition　172
　alications of classical conditioning　174
oerant conditioning：learning about consequences　176
　the law of effect　176
　exerimental analysis of behavior　178
　reinforcement contingencies　179
　roerties of reinforcers　182
　schedules of reinforcement　183
　shaing　186
sychology in your life：how does classical conditioning affect cancer treatment？　177
critical thinking in your life：to sank or not to sank　184
biology and learning　187
　instinctual drift　187
　taste-aversion learning　188
cognitive influences on learning　190
　animal cognition　190
　observational learning　192
recaing main oints　195
key terms　195
7　memory　199
what is memory？　200
　tyes of memories　200
　an overview of memory rocesses　202
memory use for the short-term　203
　iconic memory　204
　short-term memory　205
　working memory　207
long-term memory：encoding and retrieval　209
　retrieval cues　209
　context and encoding　210
　the rocesses of encoding and retrieval　213
　why we forget　215
　imroving memory for unstructured information　217
　metamemory　218
critical thinking in your life：how can memory research hel you reare for exams？　219
structures in long-term memory　220
　memory structures　220
　remembering as a reconstructive rocess　224
biological asects of memory　227
　searching for the engram　227
　amnesia　228
　brain imaging　229
sychology in your life：why does alzheimer’s disease affect memory？　227
recaing main oints　231
key terms　232
8　cognitive rocesses　235
studying cognition　237
　discovering the rocesses of mind　237
　mental rocesses and mental resources　237
language use　240
　language roduction　240
　language understanding　243
　language and evolution　247
　language,thought,and culture　248
sychology in your life：why and how do eole lie？　249
visual cognition　250
　using visual reresentations　250
　combining verbal and visual reresentations　252
roblem solving and reasoning　255
　roblem solving　255
　deductive reasoning　257
　inductive reasoning　260
judgment and decision making　262
　heuristics and judgment　262
　the sychology of decision making　265
critical thinking in your life：can olitical exerts redict the future?　269
recaing main oints　270
key terms　270
9　intelligence and intelligence assessment　273
what is assessment？　274
　history of assessment　274
　basic features of formal assessment　275
intelligence assessment　278
　the origins of intelligence testing　278
　iq tests　278
　extremes of intelligence　280
theories of intelligence　282
　sychometric theories of intelligence　282
　sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence　284
　gardner’s multile intelligences and emotional intelligence　285
critical thinking in your life：can you trust assessment on the web？　283
sychology in your life：do theories of intelligence matter？　287
the olitics of intelligence　287
　the history of grou comarisons　288
　heredity and iq　289
　environments and iq　291
　culture and the validity of iq tests　293
creativity　295
　assessing creativity and the link to intelligence　295
　extremes of creativity　295
assessment and society　297
recaing main oints　299
key terms　299
10　human develoment across the life san　303
studying develoment　304
hysical develoment across the life san　306
　renatal and childhood develoment　306
　hysical develoment in adolescence　310
　hysical changes in adulthood　311
cognitive develoment across the life san　312
　iaget’s insights into mental develoment　312
　contemorary ersectives on early cognitive develoment　314
　cognitive develoment in adulthood　318
sychology in your life：will your brain work differently as you age？　320
acquiring language　321
　erceiving seech and erceiving words　321
　learning word meanings　322
　acquiring grammar　323
social develoment across the life san　324
　erikson’s sychosocial stages　325
　social develoment in childhood　326
　social develoment in adolescence　331
　social develoment in adulthood　333
critical thinking in your life：how does day care affect children’s develoment？330
sex and gender differences　336
　sex differences　336
　gender identity and gender roles　337
moral develoment　338
　kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning　338
　gender and cultural ersectives on moral reasoning　340
learning to age successfully　341
recaing main oints　342
key terms　343
11　motivation　347
understanding motivation　348
　functions of motivational concets　348
　sources of motivation　349
　a hierarchy of needs　352
eating　353
　the hysiology of eating 354
　the sychology of eating　355
sychology in your life：how does genetics contribute to obesity？　356
sexual behaviors　360
　nonhuman sexual behaviors　360
　human sexual arousal and resonse　362
　the evolution of sexual behaviors　363
　sexual norms　364
　homosexuality　366
motivation for ersonal achievement　370
　need for achievement　368
　attributions for success and failure　369
　work and organizational sychology　371
critical thinking in your life：how does motivation affect academic achievement·373
recaing main oints　374
key terms　374
12　emotion, stress, and health　377
emotions　378
　basic emotions and culture　378
　theories of emotion　381
　functions of emotions　385
sychology in your life：why are some eole haier than others？　388
stress of living　389
　hysiological stress reactions　389
　sychological stress reactions　392
　coing with stress　397
　ositive effects of stress　401
health sychology　402
　the biosychosocial model of health　403
　health romotion　403
　treatment　406
　ersonality and health　409
　job burnout and the health-care system　410
　a toast to your health　411
critical thinking in your life：can health sychology hel you be a healthy erson by 2010？　407
recaing main oints　413
key terms　413
13　understanding human ersonality　417
tye and trait ersonality theories　418
　categorizing by tyes　418
　describing with traits　419
　traits and heritability　423
　do traits redict behaviors？　423
　evaluation of tye and trait theories　425
sychodynamic theories　425
　freudian sychoanalysis　425
　evaluation of freudian theory　429
　extending sychodynamic theories　430
sychology in your life：why are some eole shy？　426
humanistic theories　432
　features of humanistic theories　432
　evaluation of humanistic theories　433
social-learning and cognitive theories　434
　mischel’s cognitive-affective ersonality theory　435
　bandura’s cognitive social-learning theory　436
　cantor’s social intelligence theory　438
　evaluation of social-learning and cognitive theories　438
self theories　439
　dynamic asects of self-concets　439
　self-esteem and self-resentation　440
　the cultural construction of self　441
　evaluation of self theories　442
comaring ersonality theories　443
critical thinking in your life：who are you on the internet？　443
assessing ersonality　444
　objective tests　444
　rojective tests　446
recaing main oints　448
key terms　448
14　sychological disorders　451
the nature of sychological disorders　452
　deciding what is abnormal　452
　the roblem of objectivity　454
　classifying sychological disorders　454
　the etiology of sychoathology　457
anxiety disorders　459
　generalized anxiety disorder　459
　anic disorder　459
　hobias　460
　obsessive-comulsive disorder　460
　osttraumatic stress disorder　461
　causes of anxiety disorders　462
mood disorders　464
　major deressive disorder　464
　biolar disorder　465
　causes of mood disorders　465
　gender differences in deression　467
　suicide　468
sychology in your life：how can we inoint interactions of nature and nurture？　469
ersonality disorders　470
　borderline ersonality disorder　470
　antisocial ersonality disorder　471
somatoform and dissociative disorders　472
　somatoform disorders　472
　dissociative disorders　473
schizohrenic disorders　474
　major tyes of schizohrenia　475
　causes of schizohrenia　476
critical thinking in your life：is “insanity” really a defense？　480
sychological disorders of childhood　480
　attention-deficit hyeractivity disorder　481
　autistic disorder　481
the stigma of mental illness　482
recaing main oints　483
key terms　484
15　theraies for sychological disorders　487
the theraeutic context　488
　goals and major theraies　488
　theraists and theraeutic settings　489
　historical ersectives on institutional treatment　490
sychodynamic theraies　491
　freudian sychoanalysis　491
　later sychodynamic theraies　493
sychology in your life：are lives haunted by reressed memories?　494
behavior theraies　494
　counterconditioning　495
　contingency management　496
　social-learning theray　498
　generalization techniques　499
cognitive theraies　501
　changing false beliefs　501
　cognitive behavioral theray　502
humanistic theraies　502
　client-centered theray　503
　gestalt theray　503
grou theraies　504
　coule and family theray　504
　community suort grous　505
biomedical theraies　506
　drug theray　506
　sychosurgery　508
　ec and rtms　509
critical thinking in your life：does theray affect brain activity?　510
treatment evaluation and revention strategies　511
　evaluating theraeutic effectiveness　511
　revention strategies　512
recaing main oints　513
key terms　514
16　social cognition and relationshis　517
constructing social reality　518
　the origins of attribution theory　519
　the fundamental attribution error　519
　self-serving biases　520
　exectations and self-fulfilling rohecies　521
　behaviors that confirm exectations　522
attitudes, attitude change, and action 524
　attitudes and behaviors　524
　rocesses of ersuasion　525
　ersuasion by your own actions　527
　comliance　529
critical thinking in your life：do late-night tv ads really work？　532
rejudice　531
　origins of rejudice　531
　effects of stereotyes　533
　reversing rejudice　534
social relationshis　536
　liking　536
　loving　537
sychology in your life：can lasting relationshis form on the internet?　540
recaing main oints　541
key terms　541
17　social rocesses, society, and culture　545
the ower of the situation　546
　roles and rules　546
　social norms　548
　conformity　549
　decision making in grous　552
　situational ower：candid camera revelations　552
altruism and rosocial behavior　553
　the roots of altruism　553
　motives for rosocial behavior　555
　the effects of the situation of rosocial behavior　556
critical thinking in your life：how can you get eole to volunteer?　558
aggression　559
　evolutionary ersectives　559
　individual differences　560
　situational influences　561
　cultural constraints　563
the sychology of conflict and eace　566
　obedience to authority　566
　the sychology of genocide and war　569
　eace sychology　572
a ersonal endnote　574
sychology in your life：how might reconciliation be ossible?　575
recaing main oints　576
key terms　576
answer aendix　a-1
glossary　g-1
references　r-1
name index　n-1
subject index　s-1
credits　c-1