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作 者：（美）塞缪尔·E.斯塔姆（S.E.Stumpf），詹姆斯·费舍尔（J.Fieser） 著
出 版 社：北京大学出版社
出版时间：2006-06-01
I S B N：9787301108079
| 《西方哲学史：从苏格拉底到萨特及其后》哲学史在很多方而就像史诗式的小说。可敬的先哲们为增慧后学，经过痛苦的思想砥砺，缔造了哲学传统。 |
| 塞缪尔?E.斯塔姆 毕业于芝加哥大学，获博士学位。哈佛大学福特基金和牛津大学洛克菲勒资助学者。曾担任梵德贝特大学哲学系系主任十五年之久，后一直在该大学教授法哲学和医疗哲学。斯塔姆教授在哲学领域涉猎广泛，也是哲学界活跃的组织者。斯塔姆教授于1998年去世。 |
| Preface 1 Part One ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY Chaper I Socrates Predecessors 5 What Is Permanent in Existence? 7 Thales 7 Anaximander 8 Anaximenes 10 The Mathematical Basis of All Things 11 Pythagoras 11 Attempts to Explain Change 15 Heraclitus 15 Parmenides 18 Zeno 19 Empedocles 22 Anaxagoras 24 The Atomists 25 Atoms and the Void 26 Theory of Knowledge and Ethics 28 Chapter 2 The Sophists and Socrates 29 The Sophists 31 Protagoras 32 Gorgias 33 Thrasymachus 34 Socrates 34 Socrates Life 35 Socrates as a Philosopher 37 Socrates Theory of Knowledge： Intellectual Midwifery 39 Socrates Moral Thought 42 Socrates Trial and Death 43 Chapter 3 Plato 46 Platos Life 46 Theory of Knowledge 49 The Cave 49 The Divided Line 51 Theory of Forms 55 Moral Philosophy 59 The Concept of the Soul 59 The Cause of Evil： Ignorance or Forgetfulness 61 Recovering Lost Morality 62 Virtue as Fulfillment of Function 63 Political Philosophy 64 The State as a Giant Person 65 The Philosopher-King 66 The Virtues in the State 67 The Decline of the Ideal State 69 View of the Cosmos 71 Chapter 4 Aristotle 75 Aristotles Life 75 Logic 78 The Categories and the Starting Point of Reasoning 78 The Syllogism 79 Metaphysics 81 The Problem of Metaphysics Defined 81 Substance as the Primary Essence of Things 82 Matter and Form 83 The Process of Change： The Four Causes 84 Potentiality and Actuality 85 The Unmoved Mover 86 The Place of Humans： Physics， Biology， and Psychology 87 Physics 87 Biology 88 Psychology 88 Ethics 90 Types of "Ends" 90 The Function of Human Beings 91 Happiness as the End 92 Virtue as the Golden Mean 93 Deliberation and Choice 94 Contemplation 94 Politics 95 Types of States 96 Differences and Inequalities 96 Good Government and Revolution 97 Philosophy of Art 98 Part Two HELLENISTIC AND MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Chapter 5 Classical Philosophy after Aristotle 103 Epicureanism 104 Physics and Ethics 105 God and Death 106 The Pleasure Principle 106 Individual Pleasure versus Social Duty 108 Stoicism 108 Wisdom and Control versus Pleasure 108 Stoic Theory of Knowledge 110 Matter as the Basis of All Reality 111 Good in Everything 111 Fate and Providence 112 Human Nature 112 Ethics and the Human Drama 112 The Problem of Freedom 113 Cosmopolitanism and Justice 114 Skepticism 114 The Senses Are Deceptive 117 More Rules Raise Doubts 117 Morality Possible without Intellectual Certainty 118 Plotinus 119 God as the One 120 The Metaphor of Emanation 121 Salvation 124 Chapter 6 Augustine 125 Augustines Life 125 Human Knowledge 128 Overcoming Skepticism 128 Knowledge and Sensation 128 The Theory of Illumination 131 God 132 The Created World 134 Creation from Nothing 134 The Seminal Principles 135 Moral Philosophy 135 The Role of Love 136 Free Will as the Cause of Evil 138 Justice 139 The History and the Two Cities 140 History 140 Chapter 7 Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages 142 Boethius 142 The Consolation of Philosophy 144 The Problem of Universals 144 Pseudo-Dionysius 146 John Scotus Erigena 148 The Division of Nature 148 New Solutions to the Problem of Universals 150 Odo and Guillaume： Exaggerated Realism 150 Roscellinus： Nominalism 151 Abelard： Conceptualism or Moderate Realism 152 Anselm s Ontological Argument 153 Anselms Realism 153 Ontological Argument 155 Gaunilons Rebuttal 156 Anselms Reply to Gaunilon 156 Faith and Reason in Muslim and Jewish Thought 156 Avicenna 157 Averro6s 159 Moses Maimonides 160 Chapter 8 Aquinas and his Late Medieval Successors 163 Aquinass Life 164 Bonaventura and the University of Paris 166 Philosophy and Theology 167 Faith and Reason 168 Proofs of Gods Existence 169 Proofs from Motion， Efficient Cause， and Necessary Being 169 Proofs from Perfection and Order 170 Assessment of the Proofs 171 Knowledge of Gods Nature 171 The Negative Way (Via Negativa) 172 Knowledge by Analogy 172 Creation 173 Is the Created Order Eternal? 173 Creation out of Nothing 174 Is This the Best Possible World? 174 Evil as Privation 174 The Range of Created Being： The Chain of Being 175 Morality and Natural Law 176 Natural Law 177 The State 180 Human Nature and Knowledge 182 Human Nature 182 Knowledge 182 Scotus， Ockham， and Eckhart 183 Voluntarism 183 Nominalism 184 Mysticism 186 Part Three EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY Chapter 9 Philosophy during the Renaissance 191 The Closing of the Middle Ages 191 Humanism and the Italian Renaissance 193 Pico 193 Machiavelli 194 The Reformation 196 Luther 196 Erasmus 198 Skepticism and Faith 200 Montaigne 200 Pascal 203 The Scientific Revolution 204 New Discoveries and New Methods 205 Modem Atomism 206 Francis Bacon 208 Distempers of Learning 209 Idols of the Mind 210 Inductive Method 211 Thomas Hobbes 212 Influence of Geometry upon Hobbess Thought 212 Bodies in Motion： The Object of Thought 213 Mechanical View of Human Thought 215 Political Philosophy and Morality 216 The State of Nature 217 Obligation in the State of Nature 218 The Social Contract 219 Civil Law versus Natural Law 220 Chapter 10 Rationalism on the Continent 222 Descartes 223 Life 223 Descartes Method 226 Methodic Doubt 229 The Existence of God and External Things 230 Mind and Body 232 Spinoza 234 Method 234 God： Substance and Attribute 236 The World as Modes of Gods Attributes 237 Knowledge， Mind， and Body 238 Ethics 240 Leibniz 241 Substance 242 Gods Existence 244 Knowledge and Nature 246 Chapter 11 Empiricism in Britain 250 Locke 251 Lockes Theory of Knowledge 252 Lockes Moral and Political Theory 257 Berkeley 260 Hume 267 Humes Theory of Knowledge 268 What Exists External to Us? 271 Ethics 273 Part Four LATE MODERN AND 19TM CENTURY PHILOSOPHY Chapter 12 Kant 281 The Shaping of Kants Problem 282 Kants Critical Philosophy and His Copernican Revolution 284 The Way of Critical Philosophy 284 The Nature of a priori Knowledge 285 The Synthetic A Priori 286 Kants Copernican Revolution 288 The Structure of Rational Thought 289 The Categories of Thought and the Forms of Intuition 289 The Self and the Unity of Experience 290 Phenomenal and Noumenal Reality 291 Transcendental Ideas of Pure Reason as Regulative Concepts 291 The Antinomies and the Limits of Reason 292 Proofs of Gods Existence 294 Practical Reason 295 The Basis of Moral Knowledge 296 Morality and Rationality 297 "Good" Defined as the Good Will 297 The Categorical Imperative 298 The Moral Postulates 300 Aesthetics： The Beautiful 301 The Beautiful as Independent Pleasant Satisfaction 302 The Beautiful as an Object of Universal Delight 303 Finality versus Purpose in the Beautiful Object 303 Necessity， Common Sense， and the Beautiful 304 Chapter13 German Idealism 306 Kants Impact on German Thought 306 Hegel 308 Life 308 Absolute Mind 310 The Nature of Reality 311 Ethics and Politics 316 Absolute Spirit 320 Schopenhauer 321 Schopenhauers Life 321 The Principle of Sufficient Reason 324 The World as Will and Idea 326 The Grotmd of Pessimism 328 Is There Any Escape from the "Will"? 330 Chapter 14 Utilitarianism and Positivism 332 Bentham 332 Benthams Life 334 The Principle of Utility 335 Law and Punishment 337 Benthams Radicalism 339 John Stuart Mill 340 Mills Version of Utilitarianism 342 Liberty 346 Comte 347 Comtes Life and Times 347 Positivism Defined 350 The Law of the Three Stages 351 Comtes Sociology and "Religion of Humanity" 352 Chapter 15 Kierkegaard， Marx， and Nietzsche 356 Kierkegaard 357 Human Existence 358 Truth as Subjectivity 359 The Aesthetic Stage 360 The Ethical Stage 361 The Religious Stage 362 Marx 363 Marxs Life and Influences 364 The Epochs of History： Marxs Dialectic 367 The Substructure： The Material Order 371 The Alienation of Labor 374 The Superstructure： The Origin and Role of Ideas 376 Nietzsche 378 Nietzsches Life 378 "God is Dead" 380 The Apolonian versus Dionysian 381 Master Morality versus Slave Morality 383 The Will to Power 385 Revaluation of All Morals 386 The Superperson 387 Part Five 20TH CENTURY AND CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY Chapter 16 Pragmatism and Process Philosophy 393 Pragmatism 393 Peirce 394 A Theory of Meaning 395 The Role of Belief 395 The Elements of Method 396 James 397 Pragmatism as a Method 398 The Pragmatic Theory of Truth 398 Free Will 400 The Will to Believe 401 Dewey 403 The Spectator versus Experience 403 Habit， Intelligence， and Learning 405 Value in a World of Fact 406 Process Philosophy 407 Bergson 408 Going Around versus Entering Into 409 The Scientific Way of Analysis 411 The Metaphysical Way of Intuition 412 The Process of Duration 413 Evolution and the Vital Impulse 414 Morality and Religion 415 Whitehead 416 The Error of Simple Location 417 Self-Consciousness 418 Prehension 419 Eternal Objects 420 Chapter 17 Analytic Philosophy 422 Bertrand Russell 423 Logical Atomism 424 Problems with Logical Atomism 426 Logical Positivism 426 The Principle of Verification 427 Rudolph Carnap 428 Problems with Logical Positivism 432 Quines Critique of Empiricism 433 Ludwig Wittgenstein 434 Wittgensteins Road to Philosophy 434 The New Wittgenstein 437 Language Games and Following Rules 438 Clarifying Metaphysical Language 439 John Austin 440 The Notion of "Excuses" 441 The Benefits of Ordinary Language 442 Chapter 18 Phenomenology and Existentialism 445 Edmund Husserl 445 Hussefls Life and Influence 445 The Crisis of European Science 447 Descartes and Intentionality 449 Phenomena and Phenomenological Bracketting 451 The Life-World 452 Martin Heidegger 453 Heideggers Life 453 Dasein as Being-in-the-World 454 Dasein as Concern 455 Religious Existentialism 456 Karl Jaspers 456 Gabriel Marcel 458 Jean-Paul Sartre 459 Sartres Life 459 Existence Precedes Essence 462 Freedom and Responsibility 464 Nothingness and Bad Faith 465 Human Consciousness 466 Marxism and Freedom Revisited 468 Maurice Merleau-Ponty 469 Merleau-Pontys Life 469 The Primacy of Perception 471 The Relativity of Knowledge 472 Perception and Politics 473 Chapter19 Recent Philosophy 475 The Mind-Body Problem 476 Ryle and the Gl~ost in the Machine 476 Identity Theory and Functionalism 480 Searle and the Chinese Room Argument 481 Rorty 483 Influence of Pragmatism 485 The Contingency of Language 486 The Contingency of Selfhood 487 The Contingency of Community 489 Virtue Theory Revisited 490 Elizabeth Anscombe 490 Nel Noddings 492 Continental Philosophy 494 Structuralism 494 Post-Structuralism 496 Postmodemism 497 Glossary G-1 A Selected Bibliography B-1 Index I-1 |
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