计算机系统结构（英文影印版·第2版）

.2.7 code sharing and reuse - let's not write it all again!
2.8 data codes - numeric and character
2.9 the operating system - unix and windows
2.10 client-server computing - the way of the net
2.11 reconfigurable hardware - an alternative to fetch-execute
3 functional units and the fetch-execute cycle
3.1 the naming of parts - cpu, memory, io units
3.2 the cpu fetch-execute cycle - high-speed tedium
3.3 system bus - synchronous or asynchronous?
3.4 system clock - instruction cycle timing
3.5 pre-fetching - early efforts to speed things up
3.6 memory length - address width
3.7 endian-ness - microsoft vs. unix, or intel vs. motorola?
3.8 simple input-output - parallel ports
4 building computers from logic: the control unit
4.1 electronic lego and logic - the advantage of modular units
4.2 basic logic gates - truth tables for and, or, xor and not
4.3 truth tables and multiplexers - a simple but effective design tool
4.4 programmable logic - reconfigurable logic chips
4.5 traffic light controllers - impossible to avoid!
4.6 circuit implementation from truth tables - some practical tips
4.7 decoder logic - essential for control units and memories
4.8 cpu control unit - the 'brain'
4.9 washing machine controllers - a simple cu
4.10 risc vs. cisc decoding - in search of faster computers
5 building computers from logic: the alu
5.1 de morgan's equivalences - logical interchangeability
5.2 binary addition - half adders, full adders, parallel adders
5.3 binary subtraction - using two's complement integer format
5.4 binary shifting - barrel shifter
5.5 integer multiplication - shifting and adding
5.6 floating-point numbers - from very, very large to very, very small
6 building computers from logic: the memory
6.1 data storage - one bit at a time
6.2 memory devices - memory modules for computers
6.3 static memory - a lot of fast flip-flops
6.4 dynamic memory - a touch of analogue amid the digital
6.5 dram refreshing - something else to do
6.6 page access memories - edo and sdram
6.7 memory mapping - addressing and decoding
6.8 io port mapping - integration vs. differentiation
7 the intel pentium cpu
7.1 the pentium - a high-performance microprocessor
7.2 cpu registers - temporary store for data and address variables
7.3 instruction set - introduction to the basic pentium set
7.4 structure of instructions - how the cu sees it
7.5 cpu status flags - very short-term memory
7.6 addressing modes - building effective addresses
7.7 execution pipelines - the risc speedup technique
7.8 pentium 4 - extensions
7.9 microsoft developer studio - using the debugger
8 subroutines
8.1 the purpose of subroutines - saving space and effort
8.2 return address - introducing the stack
8.3 using subroutines - hll programming
8.4 the stack - essential to most operations
8.5 passing parameters - localizing a subroutine
8.6 stack frame - all the local variables
8.7 supporting hlls - special cpu facilities for dealing with subroutines
8.8 interrupt service routines - hardware-invoked subroutines
8.9 accessing operating system routines - late binding
9 simple input and output
9.1 basic io methods - polling, interrupt and dma
9.2 peripheral interface registers - the programmer's viewpoint
9.3 polling - single-character io
9.4 interrupt processing - service on demand
9.5 critical data protection - how to communicate with interrupts
9.6 buffered lo - interrupt device drivers
9.7 direct memory access (dma) - autonomous hardware
9.8 single-character io - screen and keyboard routines
10 serial connections
10.1 serial transmission - data, signals and timing
10.2 data format - encoding techniques
10.3 timing synchronization - frequency and phase
10.4 data codes and error control - parity, checksums, hamming codes and crcs
10.5 flow control - hardware and software methods
10.6 the 16550 uart- rs232..
10.7 serial mice - mechanical or optical
10.8 serial ports - practical tips, avoiding the frustration
10.9 usb- universal serial bus
10.10 modems - modulating carrier waves
11 parallel connections
11.1 parallel interfaces - better performance
11.2 centronics - more than a printer port but less than a bus
11.3 scsi - the small computer systems interface
11.4 ide- intelligent drive electronics
11.5 at/isa - a computer standards success story
11.6 pci - peripheral component interconnection
11.7 plug-and-play - automatic configuration
11.8 pcmcia - personal computer memory card international association
12 the memory hierarchy
12.1 levels of performance - you get what you pay for
12.2 localization of access - exploiting repetition
12.3 instruction and data caches - matching memory to cpu speed
12.4 cache mapping - direct or associative
12.5 virtual memory- segmentation and demand paging
12.6 address formulation - when, where and how much
12.7 hard disk usage - parameters, access scheduling and data arrangement
12.8 performance improvement- blocking, caching, defragmentation, scheduling, ram disk
12.9 optical discs - cd-da, cd-rom, cd-rw and dvds
12.10 dvd - digital versatile disc
12.11 mpeg - video and audio compression
12.12 flash sticks - the new floppy disk
part 2 networking and increased complexity
13 the programmer's viewpoint
13.1 different viewpoints - different needs
13.2 application user- office packages
13.3 systems administration - software installation and maintenance
13.4 hll programmer - working with java, c++, basic or c#
13.5 systems programming - assembler and c
13.6 hardware engineer- design and hardware maintenance
13.7 layered virtual machines - hierarchical description
13.8 assemblers- simple translators
13.9 compilers - translation and more
14 local area networks
14.1 reconnecting the users - email, printers and database
14.2 pc network interface - cabling and interface card
14.3 ethernet - carrier sense, multiple access/collision detect
14.4 lan addressing - logical and physical schemes
14.5 host names - another layer of translation
14.6 layering and encapsulation - tcp/ip software stack
14.7 networked file systems - sharing files across a network
14.8 interconnecting networks - gateways
14.9 socket programming- an introduction to winsock
15 wide area networks
15.1 the internet - origins
15.2 tcp/ip - the essential protocols
15.3 tcp - handling errors and flow control
15.4 ip routing - how packets find their way
15.5 dns- distributed name database
15.6 world wide web - the start
15.7 browsing the web - netscape navigator
15.8 http - another protocol
15.9 search engines- google
15.10 open systems interconnect - an idealized scheme
16 other networks
16.1 the pstn- telephones
16.2 cellnets - providers of mobile communications
16.3 atm - asynchronous transfer mode
16.4 messaging - radio paging and packet radio networks
16.5 isdn - totally digital
16.6 dsl - digital subscriber line
16.7 cable television - facilities for data transmission
17 introduction to operating systems
17.1 historic origins - development of basic functions
17.2 unix - a landmark operating system
17.3 outline structure - modularization
17.4 process management- initialization and dispatching
17.5 scheduling decisions- time-slicing, demand preemption or cooperative
17.6 task communication - pipes and redirection
17.7 exclusion and synchronization - semaphores and signals
17.8 memory allocation - malloc() and free()
17.9 user interface - guis and shells
17.10 input-output management - device handlers
18 windows xp
18.1 windows guis - responding to a need
18.2 win32 - the preferred user apl
18.3 processes and threads- multitasking
18.4 memory management- virtual memory implementation
18.5 windows registry- centralized administrative database
18.6 ntfs - windows nt file system
18.7 file access - acls, permissions and security
18.8 sharing software components - ole, dde and com
18.9 windows nt as a mainframe - winframe terminal server
19 filing systems
19.1 data storage - file systems and databases
19.2 the pc file allocation table - fat
19.3 unix inodes - they do it differently
19.4 microsoft ntfs - complexity and security
19.5 raid configuration - more security for the disk subsystem
19.6 file security - access controls
19.7 cd portable file system - multi-session contents lists
20 visual output
20.1 computers and graphics - capture, storage, processing and redisplay
20.2 pc graphics adapter cards - graphics coprocessors
20.3 laser printers - this is mechatronics!
20.4 adobe postscript - a page description language
20.5 wimps- remodelling the computer
20.6 win32 - graphical apl and more
20.7 the x window system - enabling distributed processing
20.8 mmx technology- assisting graphical calculations
21 risc processors: arm and sparc
21.1 justifying risc - increased instruction throughput
21.2 pipeline techniques - more parallel operations
21.3 superscalar methods - parallel parallelism
21.4 register files - many more cpu registers
21.5 branch prediction methods - maintaining the pipelines
21.6 compiler support - an essential part of risc
21.7 the arm 32 bit cpu - origins
21.8 strongarm processor - a 32 bit microcontroller
21.9 the hp ipaq - a strongarm pda
21.10 puppeteer - a strongarm sbc
21.11 sun sparc - scalar processor architecture as risc
21.12 embedded systems - cross-development techniques
22 vliw processors: the epic itanium
22.1 itanium 64 bit processor - introduction
22.2 itanium assembler - increasing the control of the cpu
22.3 run-time debugging - gvd/gdb
22.4 future processor design - debate
23 parallel processing
23.1 parallel processing-the basis
23.2 instruction-level parallelism (llp) - pipelining
23.3 superscalar - multiple execution units
23.4 symmetric, shared memory multiprocessing (smp) - the future?
23.5 single-chip multiprocessors - the ibm cell
23.6 clusters and grids - application-level parallelism
appendix: ms visual studio 8, express edition
glossary
answers to end-of-chapter questions
references
index...