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| preface xv chapter 1 accident losses costs of well-being 1 the industrial revolution and accidents 2 increasing hazards 3 physical effects of accidents 4 numbers of accidents vs. costs 6 lessening safety costs 9 accident losses for personnel vs. equipment and facilities increasing magnitude of accident losses 11 awards for injuries 12 bibliography 13 exercises 13 chapter 2 liabilities and safety legislation 15 statute law 15 common law 16 misadventure (accident) 17 strict liability 17 industrial revolution 19 negligence 19 .american laws 22 steam engines, boats, and locomotives 22 the fourteenth amendment and safety 23 liability laws 23 workers' compensation laws 24 later actions 25 resurgence of strict liability 25 limited liability 27 excused negligence 27 bibliography 27 exercises 28 chapter 3 workers' compensation 29 obligations to employees 29 workers' compensation laws 30 problems of nonuniformity 32 coverages 34 workers' compensation insurance 34 costs of workers' compensation insurance 34 insurance rating systems 37 keeping workers' compensation costs down 37 workers' compensation reform 39 requirements for benefits 40 disagreements 40 injury resulting from an accident 41 injury arising out of employment 41 types of disabilities 43 monetary disability benefits 44 death benefits 44 extent of medical benefits 44 injury and claim notices 45 hearings 45 action against a third party 46 inadequacy of workers' compensation 49 bibliography 50 exercises 50 chapter 4 oshact and its administration 52 new concepts of accident avoidance 53 enactment of the occupational safety and health act (oshact) 55 other organizations 55 state industrial safety programs 56 responsibilities of employers and employees 58 inspections 58 violations and penalties 59 standards 62 record keeping 62 impact of osha 62 osha and hazard minimization 64 antagonism toward osha 64 the new millennium 67 the new osha 68 exercises 72 chapter 5 standards, codes, and other safety documents 73 uses for standards and codes 74 mandatory vs. voluntary standards 76 objections to consensus standards 79 test standards 80 differences in standards 81 changing standards 83 inadequacies of standards 83 standards and analyses 84 proliferation of standards 84 status of osha standards 84 bibliography 85 exercises 86 chapter 6 engineers and safety 87 accomplishments of engineers 87 engineering and accidents 88 steam equipment and accidents 88 technical societies and safety 89 inadequacy of engineering schools 89 engineers as causers of accidents 90 registration of engineers 91 possible improvements in registration 95 bibliography 97 exercises 97 chapter 7 management and its responsibilities 98 safety policies 98 oshact and management 100 actions against managers 100 management attitudes toward safety 102 middle managers 106 foremen/forewomen and safety 106 procedural safeguards 107 management and supervision 108 safety efforts of other managers 110 hazardous operations 112 personnel 113 personal protective equipment 114 checklist for managers 115 safety information system 115 bibliography 118 exercises 119 chapter 8 the changing roles of safety personnel 120 safety laws and safety engineers 121 safety personnel 122 "safety man" 123 safety engineer 123 production and processing losses 125 growing areas within safety 125 bibliography 126 exercises 126 chapter 9 personnel 127 disabled personnel in the workplace 128 older personnel in the workforce 130 human error 130 designing and planning errors 131 production errors 132 operations errors 135 two-person concept 136 human vs. machine 136 the biochemical machine 137 motivation 138 violence in the workplace 139 judgment 141 accident-prone persons 142 quantitative error prediction 144 human factors engineering 145 procedural means of accident prevention 146 critical operations 146 responsibilities of the individual worker 149 procedure analysis 151 outputs of procedure analysis 155 contingency analysis 155 bibliography 157 exercises 157 chapter 10 promoting safe practices 159 the behavior-based safety approach 160 the regulatory approach: safety rules 162 employee participation 162 critical incident technique 163 other methods 164 suggestion programs 164 union participation 165 safety training 165 in-depth training 167 maintaining awareness 168 general comments on safety committees 168 safety committee duties 169 bibliography 170 exercises 170 chapter 11 appraising plant safety 171 new plants and equipment designs 172 existing plants and equipment 172 indicating plant hazards 173 safety inspections 174 checklists 175 quantitative appraisals 176 problems with validity of statistics 176 problems with quantitative rates 178 validity of statistical comparisons 179 risk assessments 180 acceptance of risk 184 risk communication 186 bibliography 187 exercises 187 chapter 12 hazards and their control 189 determining existence of hazards 190 eliminating and controlling hazards 192 isolation, lockouts, lockins, and interlocks 194 failure minimization 200 safety factors and margins 200 monitoring 203 warning means and devices 206 safe procedures 207 backout and recovery 207 damage minimization and containment 211 physical isolation 211 weak links 212 escape, survival, and rescue 213 bibliography 214 exercises 214 chapter 13 planning for emergencies 215 medical responses in emergencies 215 bibliography 228 exercises 228 chapter 14 accident investigations 229 investigating board chairman's responsibilities 232 contributing personnel 232 conducting the investigation 234 accident reports 235 corrective actions 237 insurance claims 237 other aspects of accident investigations 239 exercises 239 chapter 15 safety analysis 240 general 240 preliminary hazards analysis 241 failure modes and effects analysis 245 fault-tree analysis (fta) 245 fault tree symbols 246 safety analysis methods mandated for process safety management 254 bibliography 257 exercises 258 chapter 16 acceleration, falls, falling objects, and other impacts 259 falls 259 preventive measures against falls 262 impacting objects 265 other acceleration effects 267 bibliography 270 exercises 270 chapter 17 mechanical injuries 271 cutting and tearing 271 shearing 272 crushing 272 breaking 273 machine guards and safety devices 273 guards 274 precautionary measures 276 exercises 277 chapter 18 work-related musculoskeletal disorders 279 musculoskeletal disorders (msds): work related or not work related? 280 the effects of wmsds 281 worker-related factors associated with msds 282 carpal tunnel syndrome 283 nonoccupational factors of cts 283 low back pain 284 back belts 286 ergonomics: a program to control wmsds 287 bibliography 290 exercises 290 chapter 19 heat and temperature 291 effects on personnel 291 classification of burn severities 296 burns to the eye 297 other temperature effects on personnel 297 high temperatures 298 additional effects 305 bibliography 311 exercises 311 chapter 20 pressure hazards 312 unfired pressure vessels 314 discharges from safety valves 317 dynamic pressure hazards 317 water hammer 319 negative pressure (vacuums) 320 testing of pressure systems 320 leaks 321 effects of leakage 323 leak detection 324 dysbarism and decompression sickness 324 compressed-gas cylinders 328 bibliography 336 exercises 340 chapter 21 electrical hazards 341 shock 341 other factors 342 causes of shock 344 electrical insulation failures 346 equipment failures 347 other shock protection 349 static electricity 354 lightning 359 ignition of combustible materials 361 containment of discharges 361 inherently safe devices 361 heating and overheating 365 circuit and equipment protection 366 unit protection 367 why an open circuit? 368 exercises 374 chapter 22 fires and fire suppression 375 fuels 375 oxidizers 378 gases 379 flammable and combustible liquids 379 flammable solids 386 ignition 387 ignition sources 394 ignition delay 394 effects of fire on personnel 396 fire detection systems 399 fire classifications 400 fire suppression 401 extinguishing systems 408 bibliography 419 exercises 419 chapter 23 explosions and explosives 425 industrial usage and problems 425 materials that will explode 429 explosive effects 431 preventing explosion damage 434 bibliography 439 exercises 439 chapter 24 hazards of toxic materials 440 toxic materials 440 routes to injury sites 441 hypoxia 441 hypoxic hypoxia 445 mechanisms of toxic agents 448 measurement of toxicity 458 detection of toxic agents 461 respiratory protective equipment 461 bibliography 475 exercises 476 chapter 25 environments 477 osha and epa 477 types of environments 480 natural and induced environments 480 controlled environments 484 closed or free environments 484 hazards of the environment 486 detecting adverse environments 486 protection against the environment 489 industrial ecology 492 bibliography 495 exercises 496 chapter 26 confined-space entry 497 what is a confined space? 498 atmospheric hazards 500 physical hazards 501 chemical, biological, radiation 501 management responsibilities for confined spaces 501 bibliography 504 exercises 505 chapter 27 radiation 506 ionizing radiation 508 factors affecting exposure and risk 512 sources of ionizing radiation 512 beneficial uses of ionizing radiation 515 fears of nuclear radiation 515 ionizing/nonionizing interface 519 nonionizing radiations 519 radio frequency radiation of wireless communication devices 527 bibliography 531 exercises 531 chapter 28 vibration and noise 532 effects of vibration, sound, and noise 533 mechanism of hearing injuries 541 elements of a hearing conservation program (hcp) 542 annoyance 547 distraction 547 interference and masking 548 other vibration effects 548 bibliography 554 exercises 554 chapter 29 computers and safety 557 safety uses of computers 558 safety problems to workers 559 accidents with computerized equipment 559 computer inabilities 559 programming errors 562 avoiding human errors 562 safety data processing 562 avoiding safety problems 563 computer controls against hazards 563 computers and hazard analyses 564 simulations 564 software hazard categories 565 software analysis 565 software hazard analysis techniques 567 tailoring software analysis 572 robots and accidents 573 for the future 575 bibliography 575 exercises 575 bibliography 577 index 583 |
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