| acknowledgments xix preface xxi chapter 1 introduction to carrier network architectures 1 ip as unifying protocol infrastructure 1 the traditional carrier network architecture 2 achieving long-haul connectivity with optical transmission 4 delivering multiplexed services 4 synchronous transmission standards 5 building a complex sonet/sdh carrier network 7 multiplexing and framing standards 9 providing carrier class network availability 13 adding versatility with asynchronous transfer mode 14 atm reference model 15 introducing statistical multiplexing 16 transport multiple services across a single network 17 aal1 18 aal2 19 aal3/4 20 aal5 20 atm services 22 . permanent virtual connection 23 switched virtual connection 23 atm virtual connections 23 atm switching operation 24 atm addressing 24 subnetwork model of addressing 25 nsap-format atm addresses 25 atm address common components 25 atm quality of service 26 atm signaling and connection establishment overview 27 signaling standards 28 atm connection establishment procedure 28 connection request routing and negotiation 29 providing internet services at the ip layer 29 introducing the ip layer on top of the atm layer 29 using multiprotocol label switching for delivering ip services 31 scalability issues of standard ip routing protocols 31 the concept of using labels as forwarding information 32 mpls-based applications 36 next-generation carrier networks 58 eliminating intermediate layers in the backbone 39 ip over atm over sonet/sdh over wdm (1) 40 ip over atm over wdm (2) 41 ip over sonet/sdh over wdm (3) 41 ip over wdm (4) 41 handling fiber capacity exhaust 41 adding intelligence to the optical layer 42 summary 44 recommended reading 44 chapter 2 optical networking standardization 47 standardization activities and targets 47 activities of the t1 committee and its t1x1 subcommittee 48 optical networking standardization framework (g.871) 48 otn architecture (g.872) 50 layered structure 50 och layer network 51 optical multiplex section (oms) layer network 52 optical transmission section (ots) layer network 52 interlayer adaptation 53 client signal/och adaptation 53 och/oms adaptation 53 oms/ots adaptation 53 activities of the institute of electrical and electronics engineering (ieee) 54 10-gbps ethernet 54 resilient packet rings 55 activities of the optical internetworking forum (oif) 57 oif mission 57 standard physical layer interface 59 ip-centric control and signaling for optical paths 60 optical user-to-network interface (o-uni) 60 activities of the ietf 64 summary 64 recommended reading 65 chapter 3 optical networking technology fundamentals 87 optical transmission technologies 67 wavelength division multiplexing (wdm) 68 attenuation 70 dispersion 71 nonlinear effects 73 optical signal-to-noise ratio (osnr) 74 optical transmission systems 74 optical amplifiers 74 erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (edfas) 75 praseodynamium-doped fiber amplifiers (pdfas) 77 amplifier control 78 dwdm systems 79 wavelength routers 83 electrical wavelength routers 85 hybrid wavelength routers 86 optical wavelength routers 87 data transmission technologies 90 packet over sonet/sdh (pos) 91 ppp encapsulation 92 framing 94 interface format 95 transmission rate 96 payload scrambling 97 ppp over sonet/sdh at oc-192c/stm-64c 98 parallel implementation 98 word-oriented pos framing 98 automatic protection switching (aps) 101 aps channel protocol 101 cisco's aps implementation 103 aps switchover process 105 aps network layer interaction 105 dynamic packet transport (dpt) 105 encapsulation 107 ip data packets 109 atm data packets 110 control packets 110 usage packets 112 srp physical layer implementation 112 framing 112 interface format 113 transmission rate 113 packet handling procedures 113 topology discovery 113 packet processing 115 multicasting 116 packet priority 117 srp fairness algorithm 118 intelligent protection switching 120 ips messages 121 ips message handling state machine 124 node pass-through mode 126 network management 126 clocking end synchronization 126 data transmission technology comparison 127 encapsulation overhead 127 framing overhead 128 mpls traffic engineering (mpls-te) 133 mpls-te architecture 133 why mpls-te 133 mpls-te components 135 defining the term traffic trunk 137 mpls-te attributes 138 trunk attributes 138 bandwidth 138 resource class affinity 138 path selection policy 138 priority/preemption 139 adaptability 139 resilience 139 resource attributes 140 available bandwidth 140 resource class 140 administrative weight 140 information distribution 140 bandwidth accounting 141 ospf extensions 142 router address tkv 145 link tlv 145 is-is extensions 146 router id tlv 147 extended ip reachability tlv 147 extended is reachability tlv 147 path computation and selection 148 lsp tunnel setup 149 lsp setup procedure 149 lsp setup request 150 admission control 151 explicit routing 151 label allocation and lsp establishment 151 rsvp extensions 152 ip routing using mpls-te 153 mpls-te protection 157 path protection 157 restoration time 159 optimizing path protection 159 link/node protection 160 network survivability principles 161 defining survivability 162 survivability concepts 163 protection 164 restoration 164 protection techniques 165 protection types 165 1+1 protection 166 1:1 protection 165 1:n protection 165 protection switching characteristics 166 protection in ring networks 167 two-fiber upsr 167 two-fiber bidirectional line-switched rings (2-fiber blsrs) 169 four-fiber bidirectional llne-switched rings (4-fiber blsr) 171 protection ring comparison 172 mpls restoration 173 prenegotiated versus dynamic protection 173 end-to-end versus local restoration 174 protection switching options 174 1+1 protection 174 1:n and n:m protection 174 network survivability design 175 survivability mechanism categories 175 dedicated protection 175 shared protection 176 restoration 176 restoration time 176 survivability mechanism comparison 178 multilayer survivability 180 survivability design trends for optical networks 180 eliminating soivet/sdh and atm 180 putting intelligence into the optical core 181 summary 182 recommended reading 183 optical transmission technologies 183 optical transmission system 183 data transmission technologies 184 packet over sonet/sdh 184 dynamic packet transport (dpt) 184! mpls traffic engineering (mpls-te) 184 network survivability principles 185 chapter 4 existing and future optical control planes 187 static ip optical overlay control plane 189 static ip optical overlay model 189 ip service infrastructure 189 ip/optical adaptation 191 two-layer architecture implementation 192 multiwavelength transmission 194 bandwidth management 197 static optical control plane 198 ip service infrastructure implementation 198 small point-to-point backbones or backbone interconnections 199 large-scale hierarchical backbones 200 pop aggregation 204 switched pop aggregation 204 point-to-point pop aggregation 206 dpt fiber ring pop aggregation 207 optical transport infrastructure implementation 208 dwdm system building blocks 208 transponders 210 wdm network design 211 topology 211 channel spacing 212 maximum line rate 213 optical power budget 213 restoration 215 optical protection 216 optical line protection 216 optical channel protection 218 optical multiplex section protection 219 service layer restoration 221 automatic protection switching 221 intelligent protection switching 222 ip restoration 223 application-based restoration 223 layer 3 route convergence 224 load balancing 224 mpls-te fast reroute 225 dynamic ip optical overlay control plane 226 wavelength routing overlay model 227 architecture and elements 228 wavelength routing control plane 231 lightpath provisioning 234 lightpath attributes 236 centralized lightpath routing 236 distributed lightpath routing routing 237 optical uni signaling 239 wavelength conversion 240 restoration 240 protection strategy 241 prenegotiated protection 241 on-demand protection 243 qos levels 243 advanced protection concepts 243 local protection 243 hierarchical protection 243 integrated ip optical peer control plane 244 applicability considerations 245 advantages 245 comparing wrs and lsrs 245 comparing lsps and lightpaths 246 mplms model 247 architecture and elements 248 mplms control plane 249 lightpath provisioning 252 optical routing 252 topology discovery 253 optical link state advertisement 254 optical lsa objects 254 constrained-based routing 256 lightpath (optical lsp) signaling 257 concept of nested lsps 257 optical lsp setup 258 rsvp setup procedure 258 optical lsp setup in an otn without wavelength conversion 260 lsp aggregation 261 using mplms in the overlay model 262 restoration 263 summary 263 recommended reading 264 static ip optical overlay control plane 264 dynamic ip optical overlay control plane 265 integrated ip optical peer control plane 265 chapter 5 optical networking applications and case examples 267 optical end-to-end networking design trends 267 service pop 268 metro solutions 272 ip and optical metro evolution 273 core solutions 276 ip and optical core evolution 277 conclusions 278 case example a: next-ceneration storage networks 279 application requirements 283 common solutions 283 case example b: next-ceneration internet service provider 285 application requirements 285 common solutions 286 case example c: next-generation carrier 293 application requirements 294 common solutions 294 summary 300 recommended reading 301 glossary 303 notes 311 index 317 |
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