《语言引论》一书是适合所有层次学生的理想教材，包含语言教学的诸多领域，诸如语言学、英语、教育、外国语言、心理学、人类学、社会学以及英语作为第二语言的教学。继承作者始终如一的写作与出版理念，每一版本都努力做到最前沿、最完整、内容最丰富，第八版的修订版除了保留面向学生的友善和情趣横生的风格之外，反映了语言学领域内最新的研究成果。 |
contents preface about the authors parti the nature of human language chapter what is language? linguistic knowledge knowledge of the sound system knowledge of words arbitrary relation of form and meaning the creativity of linguistic knowledge knowledge of sentences and nonsentences linguistic knowledge and performance what is grammar? descriptive grammars .prescriptive grammars teaching grammars language universals the development of grammar sign languages: evidence for the innateness of language american sign language animal "languages" "talking" parrots the birds and the bees language and thought what we know about language summary references for further reading exercises chapter 2 brain and language the human brain the localization of language in the brain aphasia brain imaging technology brain plasticity and lateralization in early life split brains other experimental evidence of brain organization the autonomy of language other dissociations of language and cognition laura christopher genetic basis of language language and brain development the critical period a critical period for bird song the evolution of language in the beginning: the origin of language god's gift to mankind? the first language human invention or the cries of nature? the development of language in the species summary references for further reading exercises part 2 grammatical aspects of language chapter 3 morphology: the words of language dictionaries content words and function words morphemes: the minimal units of meaning bound and free morphemes prefixes and suffixes infixes circumfixes roots and stems huckles and ceives rules of word formation derivational morphology the hierarchical structure of words more about derivational morphemes lexical gaps rule productivity "pullet surprises" sign language morphology word coinage words from names back-formations compounds meaning of compounds universality of compounding blends reduced words inflectional morphemes exceptions and suppletions morphology and syntax morphological analysis: identifying morphemes summary references for further reading exercises chapter 4 syntax: the sentence patterns of language what the syntax rules do what grammaticality is not based on sentence structure constituents and constituency tests syntactic categories phrase structure trees and rules some conventions for building phrase structure trees the infinity of language heads and complements selection what heads the sentence structural ambiguities more structures sentence relatedness transformational rules structure-dependent rules syntactic dependencies wh questions ug principles and parameters sign language syntax summary references for further reading exercises chapter 5 the meaning of language what speakers know about sentence meaning truth entailment and related notions ambiguity compositional semantics semantic rules semantic rule i semantic rule ii hen compositionality goes awry anomaly metaphor idioms lexical semantics (word meanings) theories of word meaning reference sense lexical relations semantic features evidence for semantic features semantic features and grammar argument structure thematic roles pragmatics pronouns pronouns and syntax pronouns and discourse deixis more on situational context maxims of conversation implicatures speech acts summary references for further reading exercises chapter 6 phonetics: the sounds of language sound segments identity of speech sounds the phonetic alphabet articulatory phonetics consonants places of articulation manner of articulation phonetic symbols for american english consonants vowels lip rounding diphthongs nasalization of vowels tense and lax vowels different (tongue) strokes for different folks major phonetic classes noncontinuants and continuants obstruents and sonorants consonantal syllabic sounds prosodic features tone and intonation phonetic symbols and spelling correspondences the "phonetics" of signed languages summary references for further reading exercises chapter 7 phonology: the sound patterns of language the pronunciation of morphemes the pronunciation of plurals additional examples of allomorphs phonemes: the phonological units of language vowel nasalization in english as an illustration of allophones allophones of /t/ minimal pairs in asl complementary distribution distinctive features of phonemes feature values nondistinctive features phonemic patterns may vary across languages natural classes of speech sounds feature specifications for american english consonants and vowels the rules of phonology assimilation rules dissimilation rules feature-changing rules segment insertion and deletion rules movement (metathesis) rules from one to many and from many to one the function of phonological rules slips of the tongue: evidence for phonological rules prosodic phonology syllable structure word stress sentence and phrase stress intonation sequential constraints of phonemes lexical gaps why do phonological rules exist? phonological analysis: discovering phonemes summary references for further reading exercises part 3 the psychology of language chapter 8 language acquisition mechanisms of language acquisition do children learn through imitation? do children learn through reinforcement? do children learn language through analogy? do children learn through structured input? children construct grammars the innateness hypothesis stages in language acquisition the perception and production of speech sounds first words the development of grammar the acquisition of phonology the acquisition of word meaning the acquisition of morphology the acquisition of syntax the acquisition of pragmatics the development of auxiliaries: a case study setting parameters the acquisition of signed languages knowing more than one language childhood bilingualism theories of bilingual development two monolingual in one head the role of input cognitive effects of bilingualism second language acquisition is l2 acquisition the same as li acquisition? native language influence in l2 acquisition the creative component ofl2 acquisition is there a critical period for l2 acquisition? second-language teaching methods can chimps learn human language? summary references for further reading exercises chapter 9 language processing: humans and computers the human mind at work: human language processing comprehension the speech signal speech perception and comprehension bottom-up and top-down models lexical access and word recognition syntactic processing speech production planning units lexical selection application and misapplication of rules 377 nonlinguistic influences computer processing of human language frequency analysis, concordances, and collocations information retrieval and summarization spell checkers machine translation computers that talk and listen computational phonetics and phonology computational morphology computational syntax computational semantics computational pragmatics computer models of grammar summary references for further reading exercises part 4 language and society chapter 10 language in society dialects regional dialects accents dialects of english social dialects the "standard" african american english latino (hispanic) english genderlects sotiolinguistic analysis languages in contact lingua francas pidgins creoles language in use styles slang jargon and argot taboo or not taboo? euphemisms racial and national epithets language and sexism marked and unmarked forms the generic "he" secret languages and language games summary references for further reading exercises chapter 11 language change: the syllables of time the regularity of sound change sound correspondences ancestral protolanguages phonological change phonological rules the great vowel shift morphological change syntactic change lexical change addition of new words borrowings or loan words history through loan words loss of words semantic change broadening narrowing meaning shifts reconstructing "dead" languages the nineteenth-century comparativists cognates comparative reconstruction historical evidence extinct and endangered languages the genetic classification of languages languages of the world types of languages why do languages change? summary references for further reading exercises chapter 12 writing: the abcs of language the history of writing pictograms and ideograms cuneiform writing the rebus principle from hieroglyphics to the alphabet modern writing systems word writing syllabic writing consonantal alphabet writing alphabetic writing reading, writing, and speech reading spelling spelling pronunciations summary references for further reading exercises glossary index 567 |
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