| WILLIAM J. SUTHERLAND is a Professor in the School of Biological Sciences at the University of East Anglia. |
| List of contributors Preface 1 Planning a research programme Introduction: reverse planning What is the specific question? What results are necessary to answer the questions? What data are needed to complete these analyses? What protocol is required to obtain these data? Can the data be collected in the time available? Modifying the planning in response to time available Creating data sheets Start and encounter reality 2 Principles of sampling Before one starts Objectives Know your organism Censuses and samples Know the reliability of your estimates Performing the calculations Sampling - the basics Defining sample units and the sampling frame The need for replication Ensuring that samples are representative Deviations from random The shape and size of sampling units Estimation of means and total population sizes The layout of samples Cluster sampling Multi-level sampling Stratified sampling Adaptive sampling Repeated counts at the same site Comparing two or more study areas Modelling spatial variation in numbers Surveillance and monitoring The difference between surveillance and monitoring Monitoring and adaptive management Sampling design for surveillance Describing long-term changes Alerts and indicators Planning and managing a monitoring programme References 3 General census methods Introduction Complete counts (1): general Not as easy as it seems Sampling the habitat Attempted complete enumeration Complete counts (2): plotless sampling Sample counts (1): mark-recapture methods Fundamentals of mark-recapture The two-sample method Multiple recaptures in closed populations Multiple recaptures in open populations The robust model What area does a trapping grid cover? Sample counts (2): some other methods based on trapping The removal method The change-in-ratio method Simultaneous marking and recapture: the method of Wileyto et al. Continuous captures and recaptures: the Craig and du Feu method Passive distance sampling Sampling from the whole area Sample counts (3): 'mark-recapture' without capture Marking without capture Individual recognition without capture …… 4 Plants 5 Invertebrates 6 Fish 7 Amphibians 8 Reptiles 9 Birds 10 Mamals 11 Environmental variables 12 The twenty commonest censusing sins Index |
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