| 1 Introduction The problem with natural hazard risk assessments The risk assessment process Mathematical and statistical certainties versus realistic estimates Stationarity in time series Reality versus reasonableness Concluding comments Aims and scope of this book 2 Droughts Historical droughts Droughts and impacts Palaeodroughts Sand dunes Lake sediments and geochemical signatures Marine sediments Foraminifera Diatoms Charcoal layers Carbon isotopes Oxygen isotopes Nitrogen isotopes Pollen and palaeobiology Tree-ring analysis （dendrochronology） Speleothem records Conclusion 3 Floods Causes of floods Human-induced floods Characteristics of flood flows Measurement of flood flows Floods as a natural hazard Social and economic impacts of floods Palaeofloods Slackwater sediments Plunge pool deposits Geobotanic indicators Flow competence measures Channel geometry Coral luminescence The largest known floods on Earth Conclusion 4 Tropical cyclones Formation of tropical cyclones Impacts of tropical cyclones Palaeotempestology and the prehistoric record Coral rubble/shingle ridges Chenier and beach ridges Sand splays Washover deposits Long-term cyclone frequencies The intensity of prehistoric tropical cyclones Risk assessment of tropical cyclones using historical versus prehistorical records Future developments in palaeotempestology Conclusion 5 Tsunamis Tsunami characteristics and formation Meteotsunami Modern tsunami impacts on coasts Erosional features Palaeotsunami Sand sheets Boulder deposits Studies of coastal boulder movements Determining the type of wave responsible for boulder movements： a theoretical approach Other forms of evidence for palaeotsunami Conclusion 6 Earthquakes 7 Landslides 8 Volcanoes 9 Asteroids 10 Extreme events over time References Index |
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