| Preface Notes on the text Acknowledgements Abbreviations Standard parameters and symbols Units and their symbols SI prefixes Approximate values of commonly used measures 1 Turbulence, heat and waves 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Reynolds' experiment 1.3 Joule's experiment 1.4 The surf zone: waves and turbulence 1.5 The nature of turbulent flow 1.5.1 Stirring + diffusion = mixing 1.5.2 Entrainment and detrainment 1.6 Shear, convergence and strain 1.7 Ocean stratification and buoyancy 1.7.1 Density 1.7.2 Buoyancy, and the buoyancy frequency, N 1.7.3 The oceanic density profile 1.8 Consequences of stratification 1.8.1 Internal waves and turbulent motion 1.8.2 Isopycnal and diapycnal mixing Suggested further reading Further study Problems for Chapter 1 2 Measurement of ocean turbulence 2.1 Characteristics of turbulence 2.1.1 Structure 2.1.2 Stress and flux 2.1.3 Dissipation 2.2 Transport by eddies 2.2.1 Reynolds stress 2.2.2 Heat and buoyancy flux 2.3 Energetics 2.3.1 Turbulent dissipation, e, and isotropy 2.3.2 The range and observed variation of 2.3.3 The rate of loss of temperature variance, XT 2.3.4 The Kolmogorov length scale, lK 2.3.5 The turbulence cascade and the structure of turbulence 2.3.6 The Taylor hypothesis and the spectrum of turbulent energy 2.4 The terms in the energy balance equation 2.4.1 The rate of production of turbulent kinetic energy by the mean flow 2.4.2 The turbulent potential energy 2.4.3 The rate of dissipation 2.5 Measurement techniques and instruments 2.5.1 The first measurements of turbulence: spectra 2.5.2 The air-foil probe: the measurement of 2.5.3 First measurements of Reynolds stress, and the related dissipation per unit area 2.5.4 Estimates of Reynolds stress and e using an ADCP Suggested further reading Further study Problems for Chapter 2 3 Turbulence in oceanic boundary layers 3.1 Introduction: processes, and types of boundary layers 3.2 Convection in the absence of shear 3.2.1 Convection below a cooled surface or over a heated seabed 3.2.2 Buoyant plumes and entrainment 3.3 Stress and no convection; the law of the wall 3.4 Stress and buoyancy flux 3.4.1 The Monin-Obukov length scale 3.4.2 Diurnal and seasonal heat cycling of the mixed layer 3.4.3 Other mixing processes in the upper ocean 3.4.4 The benthic (or bottom) boundary layer 3.4.5 Tidal mixing and straining in shallow seas Suggested further reading Further study Problems for Chapter 3 4 Turbulence in the ocean pycnocline 5 Turbulent dispersion 6 The energetics of ocean mixing |
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