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| Preface 1 Introduction 2 The Chemical Industry 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Structure of the chemical industry 2.3 Raw materials and energy 2.3.1 Fossil fuel consumption and reserves 2.3.2 Energy and the chemical industry 2,3.3 Composition of fossil fuels 2.4 Base chemicals 3 Processes in the Oil Refinery 3.1 Oil refinery - an overview 3.2 Physical processes 3.2.1 Desalting/dehydration 3.2.2 Crude distillation 3.2.3 Propane deasphalting 3.3 Thermal processes 3.3.1 Visbreaking 3.3.2 Delayed coking 3.4 Catalytic processes 3.4.1 Catalytic cracking 3.4.2 Hydrotreating 3.4.3 Hydrocracking 3.4.4 Catalytic reforming 3.4.5 Alkylation 3.5 Conversion of heavy residues 3.5.1 Flexicoking 3.5.2 Catalytic hydrogenation of residues 3.6 Treatment of refinery gas streams 3.6.1 Removal of H2S from refinery exhaust gases 3.6.2 Recovery of hydrogen from refinery gas streams 3.7 Current and future trends in oil refining 3.7.1 Reformulated gasoline 3.7.2 Diesel 3.7.3 The use of zeolites for shape selectivity in the oil refinery 3.7.4 Alternative technology and fuels 4 Steam Cracking: Production of Lower Alkenes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Cracking reactions 4.2.1 Thermodynamics 4.2.2 Mechanism 4.2.3 Kinetics 4.3 Industrial process 4.3.1 Influence of feedstock on steam cracker operation and products 4.3.2 Cracking furnace 4.3.3 Heat exchanger 4.3.4 Coke 4.4 Product processing 4.5 Current and future developments 4.5.1 Selective dehydrogenation 4.5.2 Other sources of lower alkenes 5 Synthesis Gas 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Synthesis gas from natural gas 5.2.1 Reactions and thermodynamics 5.2.2 Steam reforming process 5.2.3 Advances in steam reforming 5.2.4 Autothermic reforming 5.2.5 Novel developments 5.3 Coal gasification 5.3.1 Gasification reactions 5.3.2 Thermodynamics 5.3.3 Current coal gasification processes 5.3.4 Recent developments 5.3.5 Applications 5.4 Purification and adjustment of synthesis gas 5.4.1 Conversion of carbon monoxide 5.4.2 Gas purification 6 Bulk Chemicals and Synthetic Fuels Derived from Synthesis Gas 6.1 Ammonia 6.1.1 Background information 6.1.2 Thermodynamics 6.1.3 Commercial ammonia synthesis reactors 6.1.4 Ammonia synthesis loop 6.1.5 Integrated ammonia plant 6.1.6 Applications of ammonia 6.2 Methanol 6.2.1 Background information 6.2.2 Thermodynamics 6.2.3 Synthesis gas for methanol production 6.2.4 Methanol synthesis 6.2.5 Applications of methanol 6.3 Fischer-Tropsch process 6.3.1 Reactions and thermodynamics 6.3.2 Reactors used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis …… 7 Inorganic Bulk Chemicals 8 Homogeneous Catalysis 9 Heterogeneous Catalysis-Concepts and Examples 10 Fine Chemistry 11 Polymerization Processes 12 Biotechnology 13 Process Development Appendix A:Chcemical industry-Figures Appendix B:Main Symbols used in Flow Schemes Index |
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