| ERIK BANKS, an independent risk consultant, writer, and lecturer, has held senior risk management positions at several global financial institutions over the past 20 years, including Merrill Lynch, Citibank, and XL Capital. He is the author of 18 books on risk, derivatives, governance, and merchant banking, including the John Wiley titles Alternative Risk Transfer, Exchange-Traded Derivatives, The Simple Rules of Risk, and E-Finance. |
| Acknowledgments About the author PART I: IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF CATASTROPHIC RISK 1 Catastrophe and Risk 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The nature of catastrophe 1.2.1 A definition 1.2.2 Frequency 1.2.3 Vulnerability 1.2.4 Measuring severity 1.3 The scope of impact 1.4 Catastrophe and the risk management framework 1.5 Overview of the book 2 Risk Identification I: Perils 2.1 Natural catastrophe 2.1.1 Geophysical 2.1.2 Meteorological/atmospheric 2.1.3 Other natural disasters 2.2 Man-made catastrophe 2.2.1 Terrorism 2.2.2 Industrial contamination 2.2.3 Technological failure 2.2.4 Financial dislocation 2.3 Mega-catastrophe and clash loss 3 Risk Identification II: Regional Vulnerability 3.1 Spatial impact of natural catastrophes 3.1.1 Bermuda and the North American Atlantic Coast 3.1.2 Florida 3.1.3 North American West Coast 3.1.4 US Great Plains/Midwest 3.1.5 Caribbean 3.1.6 Mexico 3.1.7 Japan 3.1.8 South Asia/Southeast Asia 3.1.9 Middle East/Near East 3.1.10 Europe 3.2 Spatial impact of man-made catastrophes 3.2.1 North America 3.2.2 Europe 3.2.3 Asia/Pacific 3.3 Urban vulnerabilities 4 Modeling Catastrophic Risk 4.1 The development and use of models 4.2 The goals of catastrophe modeling 4.3 General model construction 4.3.1 Phase one: Hazard/peril assessment 4.3.2 Phase two: Vulnerability assessment 4.3.3 Phase three: Contract assessment 4.3.4 A general example 4.3.5 Other perils 4.4 Challenges 4.4.1 Model characteristics and assumptions 4.4.2 Model validation 4.4.3 Tail risks 4.4.4 Data quality and granularity PART II: MANAGEMENT OF CATASTROPHIC RISK 5 Catastrophe and the Risk Management Framework 5.1 Active risk management 5.1.1 Enterprise value, liquidity, and solvency 5.1.2 Loss control, loss financing, and risk reduction 5.2 Risk monitoring 5.3 Private and public sector efforts 5.4 Sources of capital 5.4.1 Insurers/reinsurers 5.4.2 Investment funds 5.4.3 Financial institutions 5.5 Toward active risk management 6 Catastrophe Insurance and Reinsurance 6.1 Insurable risk and insurance 6.1.1 Full insurance 6.1.2 Partial insurance 6.1.3 Captives 6.2 Catastrophe insurance 6.3 Reinsurance 6.3.1 Facultative and treaty reinsurance 6.3.2 Proportional and excess of loss agreements 6.4 Catastrophe reinsurance 6.5 Market cycles 6.6 Internal risk management 6.7 Challenges 6.7.1 Pricing difficulties 6.7.2 Earnings and capital volatility 6.7.3 Concentrations 6.7.4 Limits to insurability/uninsurable risks 6.7.5 Lack of insurance/reinsurance penetration 6.7.6 Capacity constraints 6.7.7 Contagion effects and systemic concerns 7 Catastrophe Bonds and Contingent Capital 7.1 Overview of securitization 7.2 Catastrophe bonds 7.2.1 Standard structures 7.2.2 Innovations 7.2.3 Market focus and direction 7.3 Contingent capital 7.3.1 Standard structures 7.3.2 Contingent debt 7.3.3 Contingent equity 7.4 Challenges 7.4.1 Structural flaws 7.4.2 Regulatory differences 8 Catastrophe Derivatives 8.1 Overview of derivatives 8.1.1 Exchange-traded derivatives 8.1.2 OTC derivatives 8.2 Exchange-traded catastrophe derivatives 8.3 OTC Catastrophe derivatives 8.3.1 Catastrophe reinsurance swaps 8.3.2 Pure catastrophe swaps 8.3.3 Synthetic OTC structures 8.4 Challenges 8.4.1 Index construction and basis risks 8.4.2 Lack of contract transparency 8.4.3 One-way markets 8.4.4 Pricing difficulties 8.4.5 Regulatory barriers 9 Public Sector Management and Financing 9.1 Forms of public sector involvement 9.1.1 Ex ante loss control measures 9.1.2 Insurance/reinsurance 9.1.3 Ex post crisis management 9.1.4 Financing and subsidies 9.1.5 Financial regulation 9.2 Challenges 9.2.1 Voluntary versus mandatory measures 9.2.2 Public and private sector responsibilities 9.2.3 Lack of market access and capacity 10 Outlook and Conclusions 10.1 Loss control 10.1.1 Loss control implementation 10.1.2 Enforcing urban planning 10.2 Quantification 10.2.1 Modeling requirements 10.2.2 Transparency 10.2.3 Complexity of terrorism 10.3 Loss financing 10.3.1 Vulnerabilities and risk capacity 10.3.2 Discriminatory funding and insurance 10.4 Government participation 10.4.1 Optimal government role 10.4.2 Limited government resources 10.4.3 Adverse incentives 10.4.4 Market deregulation 10.5 General management 10.5.1 Sub-optimal management 10.5.2 Sustainability of solutions 10.5.3 Preparing for the mega-catastrophe 10.5.4 Amalgamated solutions 10.5.5 Learning from past events Bibliography Index |
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