Java程序设计语言（英文版·第4版）（JAVA之父权威力作 ）

.1.11　extending a class　24
1.11.1　invoking methods of the superclass　25
1.11.2　the 0bject class　26
1.11.3　type casting　27
1.12　interfaces　27
1.13　generic types　29
1.14　exceptions　32
1.15　annotations　35
1.16　packages　36
1.17　the java platform　38
1.18　other topics briefly noted　39

2　classes and objects　41
2.1　a simple class　42
2.1.1　class members　42
2.1.2　class modifiers　43
2.2　fields　44
2.2.1　field initialization　44
2.2.2　static fields　45
2.2.3　final fields　46
2.3　access control　47
2.4　creating objects　49
2.5　construction and initialization　50
2.5.1　constructors　50
2.5.2　initialization blocks　54
2.5.3　static initialization　55
2.6　methods　56
2.6.1　static methods　58
2.6.2　method invocations　58
2.6.3　methods with variable numbers of arguments　60
2.6.4　method execution and return　62
2.6.5　parameter values　63
2.6.6　using methods to control access　65
2.7　this　68
2.8　overloading methods　69
2.9　importing static member names　71
2.10　the main method　73
2.11　native methods　74

3　extending classes　75
3.1　an extended, class　76
3.2　constructors in extended classes　80
3.2.1　constructor order dependencies　81
3.3　inheriting and redefining members　84
3.3.1　overriding　84
3.3.2　hiding fields　86
3.3.3　accessing inherited members　86
3.3.4　accessibility and overriding　88
3.3.5　hiding static members　89
3.3.6　the super keyword　89
3.4　type compatibility and conversion　90
3.4.1　compatibility　90
3.4.2　explicit type casting　91
3.4.3　testing for type　92
3.5　what protected really means　93
3.6　marking methods and classes final　96
3.7　abstract classes and methods　97
3.8　the object class　99
3.9　cloning objects　101
3.9.1　strategies for cloning　101
3.9.2　correct cloning　101
3.9.3　shallow versus deep cloning　106
3.10　extending classes: how and when　107
3.11　designing a class to be extended　108
3.11.1　designing a class to be extended　108
3.12　single inheritance versus multiple inheritance　114

4　interfaces　117
4.1　a simple interface example　118
4.2　interface declarations　120
4.2.1　interface constants 121
4.2.2　interface methods　122
4.2.3　interface modifiers　122
4.3　extending interfaces　122
4.3.1　inheriting and hiding constants　123
4.3.2　inheriting, overriding, and overloading methods　125
4.4　working with interfaces　126
4.4.1　implementing interfaces　127
4.4.2　using an implementation　129
4.5　marker interfaces　130
4.6　when to use interfaces　131

5　nested classes and interfaces　133
5.1　static nested types　133
5.1.1　static nested types　134
5.1.2　nested interfaces　135
5.2　inner classes　136
5.2.1　accessing enclosing objects　138
5.2.2　extending inner classes　139
5.2.3　inheritance, scoping, and hiding　140
5.3　local inner classes　142
5.3.1　inner classes in static contexts　144
5.4　anonymous inner classes　144
5.5　inheriting nested types　146
5.6　nesting in interfaces　148
5.6.1　modifiable variables in interfaces　149
5.7　implementation of nested types　149

6　enumeration types　151
6.1　a simple enum example　151
6.2　enum declarations　152
6.2.1　enum modifiers　154
6.3　enum constant declarations　154
6.3.1　construction　155
6.3.2　constant specific behavior　156
6.4　java.lang.enum　159
6.5　to enum or not　160

7　tokens, values, and variables　161
7.1　lexical elements　161
7.1.1　character set　161
7.1.2　comments　163
7.1.3　tokens　164
7 1 4　identifiers164
7.1.5　keywords　165
7.2　types and literals　166
7.1.1　reference literals　167
7.2.2　boolean literals　167
7 2 3　character literals　167
7 2 4　integer literals　167
7 2 5　floating-point literals　168
7.2.6　string literals　168
7.2.7　class literals　169
7 3　variables　169
7.3.1　field and local variable declarations　170
7.3.2　parameter variables　171
7.3.3　final variables　171
7.4　array variables　173
7.4.1　array modifiers　174
7.4.2　arrays of arrays　174
7 4 3　array initialization　175
7.4.4　arrays and types　177
7.5　the meanings of names　178

8　primitives as types　183
8.1　common fields and methods　184
8.1.1　construction　185
8.1.2　constants　185
8.1.3　common methods　186
8.2　void　187
8.3　boolean　187
8.4　number　188
8.4.1　the integer wrappers　188
8.4.2　the floating-point wrapper classes　191
8.5　character　192
8.5.1　working with utf-16　196
8.6　boxing conversions　199

9　operators and expressions　201
9.1　arithmetic operations　201
9.1.1　integer arithmetic　202
9 1 2　floating-point arithmetic　202
9.1.3　strict and non-strict floating-point arithmetic　203
9.2　general operators　204
9.2.1　increment and decrement operators　205
9.2.2　relational and equality operators　206
9.2.3　logical operators　207
9.2.4　instanceof　208
9.2.5　bit manipulation operators　208
9 2 6　the conditional operator?:　210
9.2.7　assignment operators　212
9.2.8　string concatenation operator　214
9.2.9　new　214
9.3　expressions　214
9.3.1　order of evaluation　214
9.3.2　expression type　215
9.4　type conversions　216
9.4.1　implicit type conversions　216
9.4.2　explicit-type casts　217
9.4.3　string conversions　220
9.5　operator precedence and associativity　221
9.6　member access　223
9.6.1　finding the right method　224

10　control flow　229
10.1　statements and blocks　229
10.2　if-else　230
10.3　switch　232
10.4　while and do-while　235
10.5　for　236
10.5.1　basic for statement　236
10.5.2　enhanced for statement　239
10.6　labels　241
10.7　break　241
10.8　continue　244
10.9　return　245
10.10　what, no goto?　246

11　generic types　247
11.1　generic type declarations　250
11.1.1　bounded type parameters　252
11.1.2　nested generic types　253
11 2　working with generic types　256
11.2.1　subtyping and wildcards　256
11.3　generic methods and constructors　260
11.3.1　generic invocations and type inference　262
11.4　wildcard capture　264
11.5　under the hood: erasure and raw types　267
11.5.1　erasure at runtime　267
11.5.2　overloading and overriding　271
11.6　finding the right method－revisited　272
11.7　class extension and generic types　276

12　exceptions and assertions　279
12.1　creating exception types　280
12.2　throw　282
12.2.1　transfer of control　283
12.2.2　asynchronous exceptions　283
12.3　the throws clause　283
12.3.1　throws clauses and method overriding　285
12.3.2　throws clauses and native methods　286
12.4　try, catch, and finally　286
12.4.1　finally　288
12.5　exception chaining　291
12.6　stack traces　294
12.7　when to use exceptions　294
12.8　assertions　296
12.8.1　the assert statement　297
12.9　when to use assertions　297
12.9.1　state assertions　297
12.9.2　control flow assertions　299
12.10　turning assertions on and off　300
12.10.1　why turn assertions on and off?　300
12.10.2　controlling assertions on the command line　300
12.10.3　complete removal　302
12.10.4　making assertions required　302

13　strings and regular expressions　305
13.1　character sequences　305
13.2　the string class　306
13.2.1　basic string operations　306
13.2.2　string comparisons　308
13.2.3　string literals, equivalence and interning　311
13.2.4　making related strings　313
13.2.5　string conversions　316
13.2.6　strings and char arrays　317
13.2.7　strings and byte arrays　319
13.2.8　character set encoding　320
13.3　regular expression matching　321
13.3.1　regular expressions　321
13.3.2　compiling and matching with regular expressions　323
13.3.3　replacing　326
13.3.4　regions　329
13.3.5　efficiency　329
13.4　the stringbuilder class　330
13.5　working with utf-16　336

14　threads　337
14.1　creating threads　339
14.2　using runnable　341
14.3　synchronization　345
14.3.1　synchronized methods　346
14 3 2　static synchronized methods 348
14.3.3　synchronized statements　348
14.3.4　synchronization designs　352
14.4　wait, notifyall, and notify　354
14.5　details of waiting and notification　357
14.6　thread scheduling　358
14.6.1　voluntary rescheduling　360
14.7　deadlocks　362
14.8　ending thread execution　365
14.8.1　cancelling a thread　365
14.8.2　waiting for a thread to complete　367
14.9　ending application execution　369
14.10　the memory model: synchronization and volatile　370
14.10.1　synchronization actions　372
14.10.2　final fields and security　373
14.10.3　the happens-before relationship　374
14.11　thread management, security, and threadgroup　375
14.12　threads and exceptions　379
14.12.1　don't stop381
14.12.2　stack traces　382
14.13　threadlocal variables　382
14.14　debugging threads　384

15　annotations　387
15.1　a simple annotation example　388
15.2　annotation types　389
15.3　annotating elements　392
15.4　restricting annotation applicability　393
15.5　retention policies　395
15.6　working with annotations　395

16　reflection　397
16.1　the class class　399
16.1.1　type tokens　400
16.1.2　class inspection　402
16.1.3　examining class members　408
16,l.4　naming classes　411
16.1.5　obtaining class objects by name　413
16.1.6　runtime type queries　414
16.2　annotation queries　414
16.3　the modifier class　416
16.4　the member classes　416
16.5　access checking and accessibleobject　417
16.6　the field class　418
16.6.1　final fields　420
16.7　the method class　420
16.8　creating new objects and the constructor class　423
16.8.1　inner class constructors　425
16.9　generic type inspection　426
16.9.1　type variables　426
16.9.2　parameterized types　427
16.9.3　wildcards　428
16.9.4　generic arrays　428
16.9.5　string representation of type objects 428
16.10　arrays　429
16.10.1　genericity and dynamic arrays　430
16.11　packages　432
16.12　the proxy class　432
16.13　loading classes　435
16.13.1　the classloader class　438
16.13.2　preparing a class for use　441
16.13.3　loading related resources　442
16.14　controlling assertions at runtime　444

17　garbage collection and memory　447
17.1　garbage collection　447
17.2　a simple model　448
17.3　finalization　449
17.3.1　resurrecting objects during finalize　452
17.4　interacting with the garbage collector　452
17.5　reachability states and reference objects　454
17.5.1　the reference class　455
17.5.2　strengths of reference and reachability　455
17.5.3　reference queues　459
17.5.4　finalization and reachability　464

18　packages　467
18.1　package naming　468
18.2　type imports　469
18.3　package access　471
18.3.1　accessibility and overriding methods　472
18.4　package contents　475
18.5　package annotations　476
18.6　package objects and specifications　477

19　documentation comments　481
19.1　the anatomy of a doc comment　482
19.2　tags　483
19.2.1　@see　483
19.2.2　{@link} and {@1inkplain}　484
19.2.3　@param　485
19.2.4　@return　485
19.2.5　@throws and @exception　485
19.2.6　@deprecated　486
19.2.7　@author　486
19.2.8　@version　487
19.2.9　@since　487
19.2.10　{@literal} and {@code}　487
19.2.11　{@value}　487
19.2.12　{@docroot}　488
19.2.13　{@inheritdoc}　488
19.3　inheriting method documentation comments　489
19.3.1　inheriting @throws comments　490
19.4　a simple example　491
19.5　external conventions　496
19.5.1　package and overview documentation　496
19.5.2　the doc-files directory　497
19.6　notes on usage　497

20　the i/o package　499
20.1　streams overview　500
20.2　byte streams　501
20.2.1　inputstream　503
20.2.2　outputstream　505
20.3　character streams　507
20.3.l　reader　508
20.3.2　writer　510
20.3.3　character streams and the standard streams　511
20.4　inputstreamreader and outputstreamwriter　512
20.5　a quick tour of the stream classes　514
20.5.1　synchronization and concurrency 515
20.5.2　filter streams　516
20.5.3　buffered streams　518
20.5.4　piped streams　520
20.5.5　bytearray byte streams　521
20.5.6　chararray character streams　522
20.5.7　string character streams　　523
20.5.8　print streams　525
20.5.9　linenumberreader　527
20.5.10　sequenceinputstream　528
20.5.11　pushback streams　529
20.5.12　streamtokenizer　532
20.6　the data byte streams　537
20.6.1　datainput and dataoutput　537
20.6.2　the data stream classes　539
20.7　working with files　540
20.7.1　fi1e streams and fi1edescriptor　540
20.7.2　randomaccessfile　541
20.7.3　the file class　543
20.7.4　filenamefilter and filefi1ter　548
20.8　object serialization　549
20.8.1　the object byte streams　549
20.8.2　making your classes serializable　551
20.8.3　serialization and deserialization order　552
20 8 4　customized serialization　　554
20.8.5　object versioning.　555
20 8 6　serialized fields　559
20.8.7　the externalizable interface　561
20.8.8　documentation comment tags　562
20.9　the ioexception classes　563
20.10　a taste of new i/o　565

21　collections　567
21.1　collections　567
21.1.1　exception conventions　571
21.2　iteration　571
21.3　ordering with comparable and comparator　574
21.4　the collection interface　575
21.5　set and sortedset　577
21.5.1　hashset　579
21.5.2　linkedhashset　580
21.5.3　treeset　580
21.6　list　580
21.6.1　arraylist　582
21.6.2　linkedlist　583
21.6.3　randomaccess lists　584
21.7　queue　585
21.7.1　priorityqueue　586
21.8　map and sortedmap　587
21.8.1　hashnap　590
21.8.2　linkedhashmap　591
21.8.3　identityhashnap　592
21.8.4　weakhashnap　592
21.8.5　treemap　593
21.9　enum collections　594
21.9.1　enumset　594
21.9.2　enumnap　596
21.10　wrapped collections and the collections class　597
21.10.1　the collections utilities　597
21.10.2　the unmodifiable wrappers　601
21.10.3　the checked wrappers　601
21.11　synchronized wrappers and concurrent collections　602
21.11.1　the synchronized wrappers　602
21.11.2　the concurrent collections　604
21.12　the arrays utility class　607
21.13　writing iterator implementations　609
21.14　writing collection implementations　611
21.15　the legacy collection types　616
21.15.1　enumeration　617
21.15.2　vector　617
21.15.3　stack　619
21.15.4　dictionary　619
21.15.5　hashtable　619
21.16　properties　620

22　miscellaneous utilities　623
22.1　formatter　624
22.1.1　format specifiers　626
22.1.2　integer conversions　627
22.1.3　floating-point conversions　627
22.1.4　character conversions　629
22.1.5　general conversions　629
22.1.6　custom formatting　630
22.1.7　format exceptlons　630
22.1.8　the formatter class　631
22.2　bitset　632
22.3　observer/observable　635
22.4　random　639
22.5　scanner　641
22.5.1　stream of values　641
22.5.2　scanning lines　644
22.5.3　using scanner　647
22.5.4　localization　651
22.6　stringtokenizer　651
22.7　timer and timertask　653
22.8　uuid　656
22.9　math and strictmath　657

23　system programming　661
23.1　the system class　662
23.1.1　standard i/o streams　662
23.1.2　system properties　663
23.1.3　utility methods　665
23.2　creating processes　666
23.2.1　process　667
23.2.2　process environments　669
23.2.3　processbuilder　670
23.2.4　portability　672
23.3　shutdown　672
23.3.1　shutdown hooks　672
23.3.2　the shutdown sequence　674
23.3.3　shutdown strategies　674
23.4　the rest of runtime　675
23.4.1　loading native code　676
23.4.2　debugging　676
23.5　security　677
23.5.1　the securitymanager class　678
23.5.2　permissions　679
23 5 3　security policies　680
23.5.4　access controllers and privileged execution　681

24　internationalization and localization　685
24.1　locale　686
24.2　resource bundles　688
24.2.1　listresourcebundle　691
24.2.2　propertyresourcebundle　692
24.2.3　subclassing resourcebundle　693
24.3　currency　694
24.4　time, dates, and calendars　695
24.4.1　calendars　695
24 4 2　time zones　700
24.4,3　gregori ancal endar and si mpl eti mezone　701
24.5　formatting and parsing dates and times　703
24.5.1　using formatter with dates an times　706
24.6　internationalization and localization for text　708
24.6.1　collation　708
24.6.2　formatting and parsing　710
24 6 3　text boundaries　712

25　standard packages　715
25.1　java.awt－the abstract window toolkit　717
25.2　java.applet－applets　720
25.3　java.beans－components　721
25.4　java.math－mathematics　722
25.5　java.net－the network　724
25.6　java.rmi－remote method invocation　727
25.7　java.security and related packages－security tools　732
25.8　java.sql－relational database access　732
25.9　utility subpackages　733
25.9.1　concurrency utilities－java.util.concurrent　733
25.9.2　archive files－java.util.jar　735
25.9.3　zip files－java.uti1.zip　736
25.10　javax.* －standard extensions　737
25.11　javax.accessibility－accessibility for guis　737
25.12　javax.naming－directory and naming services　738
25.13　javax.sound－sound manipulation　739
25.14　javax.swing－swing gui components　740
25.15　org.omg.corba－corba apis　740

a　application evolution　741
a.1　language, library, and virtual machine versions　741
a 2　dealing with multiple dialects　743
a.3　generics: reification, erasure, and raw types　744
a.3.1　raw types, “unchecked” warnings, and bridge methods　745
a.3.2　api issues　747

b　useful tables　749

further reading　755

index　761