1 INTROi)UCriON
Every nation has its winners and losers. In America the losers are th~
blacks， the Latins， the American Indians， the poor， uneducated whites
and others locked into inner-city ghettos or dispersed in depressed rural
areas. Even in the affluent America of the downtown office building and
the suburban development there are losers: women， who are expected
to remember that their place is at home or in male-dominated institu-
tions; homosexuals， who know that failure to maintain a \"straight\"
image will subject them to penalties; students， who are \"tracked\" from
high school through college by well-meaning educators intent on placing
them in \"plastics.\"
Losers in America are cared for by institutions that kill them with
\"kindness\": a welfare system for the poor that provides less than the
minimum income needed to meet nutritional standards; an educational
system in ghettos that ends the possibility of college education for most
of its students; a correctional system that makes hardened criminals
out of juvenile delinquents and recidivists out of adult offenders; and
job training programs and employment services that do little more than
provide an unskilled proletariat with dead-end jobs.
This book deals with the demands of various demographic and clien-
tele groups， demands that involve a redefinition of the social identity
of the members of these groups. (A demographic group is one whose
members share racial， social， religious， sexual， and ethnic traits: blacks，
black Jews under twenty， etc. A clientele group is one whose members
are served by the same bureaucracy: public housing tenants served by
the housing project management， clients served by the Legal Services
Program， etc.) The articles and judicial decisions contained in this
volume describe struggles occurring today. Common to all these strug-
gles is the breakdown of a traditional institution， a set of demands made
by a demographic or clientele group contributing to the breakdown.
THE STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY
Demographic and clientele groups that attempt to gain benefits for
their members must press their demands through the political system.
At least five kinds of demands may be made:
Procedural Due Process
Procedural due process involves fair and impartial treatment of clien-
tele by officials， so that arbitrary administrative fiat is replaced by the
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